Angel Jazmine Duran 1
🩷 Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide 🩷
Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by various cells that act as messengers between
cells. (17.1)
- They are chemical messengers of the immune cells.
- Helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate B cells in humoral immunity and Cytotoxic T
cells in cellular immunity.
Opportunistic Pathogen
- a pathogen that usually causes no harm under normal conditions (normal microbiota) Ex:
in people with altered body conditions caused by treatment of broad-spectrum antibiotics,
the immune disorder is more prone to opportunistic infections. (C.diff, trichomonas
vaginalis)
- Opportunity means a lack of a normal microbe.
- Don't cause disease in normal habitat; cause secondary infections. They only function if
normal microbiota are missing.
Nosocomial Infections
- An infection acquired during a hospital stay and was not present when the patient was
admitted, AKA health-associated infections (HAIs).
- Weakened in most compromise host
- The most common type of UTI caused by E. coli, wound infection, MRSA
Koch’s postulates
- Specific microbes cause specific diseases.
- Robert Koch’s
Herd Immunity
- Immunity in most of the population
Cause of Herd Immunity
- Outbreaks are sporadic due to a lack of susceptible individuals. Vaccinations are the most
effective way to develop herd immunity.
Sign vs Symptoms
- The sign is objective/measurable of human conditions.
- Ex: elevated BP; temp; rash; fever; swelling
- Symptoms are subjective/unmeasurable and are what the patient feels.
- Ex: dizziness, nausea, pain, fatigue, headache
CDC
, Angel Jazmine Duran 2
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- MMWR contains data on morbidity, the incidence of specific notifiable diagnoses and
mortality, and the number of deaths from these diagnoses.
- Publish the MMWR; morbidity and mortality weekly report.
Endotoxins
- On the outer LPS layer of gram-negative bacteria (Lipid A). It gets released when
bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics; by the destruction of the LPS layer.
- Gram-negative sepsis can lead to Septic shock if treated with antibiotics.
ID 50
- An infectious dose that will cause an infection in 50% of the exposed/test population
- Measures the ability to cause disease (virulence) of a microbe.
- Lowering the number is always worse.
LD 50
- The lethal dose that is needed to kill 50% of the inoculated host in an experiment.
- Measures the potency of a toxin
- The lower the LD50 or ID50, the worse that pathogen/toxin is
Ciliary Escalator
- A mechanism of trapping and moving particles up and out of the respiratory system.
- Microbes trap in mucus away from the lungs towards the throat.
Opsonization
- One result of antigen-antibody binding is that it promotes the attachment of phagocytes to
a microbe and enhances phagocytosis of the antigen. The microorganism is coated with
serum protein, making ingestion easier. Covering a pathogen with an antibody helps with
phagocytosis.
- Helps phagocytosis
- By coating the antigen with antibodies
Antigen
- Any foreign substance that causes the production of antibodies/immune response
- Usually on the surface of the pathogen
- Substances that cause the production of antibodies
Hybridoma
- The process of combining a myeloma (immortal cancerous) and a healthy antibody-
producing normal B cell.
- The main source of monoclonal antibodies
🩷 Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide 🩷
Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by various cells that act as messengers between
cells. (17.1)
- They are chemical messengers of the immune cells.
- Helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate B cells in humoral immunity and Cytotoxic T
cells in cellular immunity.
Opportunistic Pathogen
- a pathogen that usually causes no harm under normal conditions (normal microbiota) Ex:
in people with altered body conditions caused by treatment of broad-spectrum antibiotics,
the immune disorder is more prone to opportunistic infections. (C.diff, trichomonas
vaginalis)
- Opportunity means a lack of a normal microbe.
- Don't cause disease in normal habitat; cause secondary infections. They only function if
normal microbiota are missing.
Nosocomial Infections
- An infection acquired during a hospital stay and was not present when the patient was
admitted, AKA health-associated infections (HAIs).
- Weakened in most compromise host
- The most common type of UTI caused by E. coli, wound infection, MRSA
Koch’s postulates
- Specific microbes cause specific diseases.
- Robert Koch’s
Herd Immunity
- Immunity in most of the population
Cause of Herd Immunity
- Outbreaks are sporadic due to a lack of susceptible individuals. Vaccinations are the most
effective way to develop herd immunity.
Sign vs Symptoms
- The sign is objective/measurable of human conditions.
- Ex: elevated BP; temp; rash; fever; swelling
- Symptoms are subjective/unmeasurable and are what the patient feels.
- Ex: dizziness, nausea, pain, fatigue, headache
CDC
, Angel Jazmine Duran 2
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- MMWR contains data on morbidity, the incidence of specific notifiable diagnoses and
mortality, and the number of deaths from these diagnoses.
- Publish the MMWR; morbidity and mortality weekly report.
Endotoxins
- On the outer LPS layer of gram-negative bacteria (Lipid A). It gets released when
bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics; by the destruction of the LPS layer.
- Gram-negative sepsis can lead to Septic shock if treated with antibiotics.
ID 50
- An infectious dose that will cause an infection in 50% of the exposed/test population
- Measures the ability to cause disease (virulence) of a microbe.
- Lowering the number is always worse.
LD 50
- The lethal dose that is needed to kill 50% of the inoculated host in an experiment.
- Measures the potency of a toxin
- The lower the LD50 or ID50, the worse that pathogen/toxin is
Ciliary Escalator
- A mechanism of trapping and moving particles up and out of the respiratory system.
- Microbes trap in mucus away from the lungs towards the throat.
Opsonization
- One result of antigen-antibody binding is that it promotes the attachment of phagocytes to
a microbe and enhances phagocytosis of the antigen. The microorganism is coated with
serum protein, making ingestion easier. Covering a pathogen with an antibody helps with
phagocytosis.
- Helps phagocytosis
- By coating the antigen with antibodies
Antigen
- Any foreign substance that causes the production of antibodies/immune response
- Usually on the surface of the pathogen
- Substances that cause the production of antibodies
Hybridoma
- The process of combining a myeloma (immortal cancerous) and a healthy antibody-
producing normal B cell.
- The main source of monoclonal antibodies
