ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy Certificate
Exam|211 Verified Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers, All
Graded A+|100% Guaranteed
Success.
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER✅✅ -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER✅✅ Cell division produces two identical
cells through these two major phases
During interphase: - ANSWER✅✅ Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
,1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER✅✅ -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER✅✅ -G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER✅✅ -The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the
G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
, -Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER✅✅ Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER✅✅
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/anim
ation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER✅✅ -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter
the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction
and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
ANSWER✅✅ 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANSWER✅✅ -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D
and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - ANSWER✅✅ -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA
damage is detected
Immunotherapy Certificate
Exam|211 Verified Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers, All
Graded A+|100% Guaranteed
Success.
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER✅✅ -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER✅✅ Cell division produces two identical
cells through these two major phases
During interphase: - ANSWER✅✅ Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
,1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER✅✅ -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER✅✅ -G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER✅✅ -The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the
G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
, -Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER✅✅ -
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER✅✅ Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER✅✅
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/anim
ation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER✅✅ -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter
the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction
and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
ANSWER✅✅ 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANSWER✅✅ -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D
and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - ANSWER✅✅ -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA
damage is detected
