TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition by Patrick J. Hurley.
,Chapter`1`Test`A
MULTIPLE`CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:`The`following`selections`relate`to`distinguishing`arguments`from`nonarguments`an
d`identifying`conclusions.`Select`the`best`answer`for`each.
1. There`appears`to`be`a`growing`happiness`gap`between`men`and`women.`Women`today`are`working`
more`and`relaxing`less,`while`men`are`working`less`and`relaxing`more.`Forty`years`ago`a`typical`w
oman`spent`40`minutes`more`per`week`than`the`typical`man`performing`an`activity`considered`unpl
easant.`Today,`with`men`working`less,`the`gap`is`90`minutes`and`growing.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`Today`...`the`gap`is`90`minutes`and`growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Forty`years`ago`...`an`activity`considered`unpleasant.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`There`appears`to`be`...`between`men`and`women.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Women`today`are`working`more`and`relaxing`less.`
ANS:` D PTS:` 2
2. Lead`is`toxic,`but`do`you`know`why?`Lead`is`toxic`mainly`because`it`preferentially`replaces`other`met
als`in`biochemical`reactions.`In`so`doing`it`interferes`with`the`proteins`that`regulate`blood`pressure`(wh
ich`can`cause`development`delays`in`children`and`high`blood`pressure`in`adults),`heme`production`(wh
ich`can`lead`to`anemia),`and`sperm`production.`Lead`also`displaces`calcium`in`the`reactions`that`trans
mit`electrical`impulses`in`the`brain,`which`diminishes`the`ability`to`think`and`recall`information.
Anne`Marie`Helmstine,`"Your`Guide`to`Chemistry"
a. Argument;`conclusion:`It`interferes`with`the`proteins`...`and`sperm`production.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Lead`is`toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`It`preferentially`replaces`other`metals`in`biochemical`reactions.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Lead`also`displaces`calcium`...`recall`information.`
ANS:` C PTS:` 2
3. Aristotle`focused`on`clarifying`the`concept`of`virtue`itself.`He`argued`that`it`was`virtuous`to`choose`the`
proper`amount`of`emotion`and/or`action`called`for`in`a`particular`situation`and`that`extremes`of`emotio
n`and`action`were`vices.`In`all`communities`there`are`some`men`of`practical`wisdom`who`have`the`cap
acity`to`judge`wisely.`Aristotle`argued`that`they`have`the`capacity`to`follow`the`"right`rule"`whatever`t
he`situation.
David`Cooper,`Value`Pluralism`and`Ethical`Choice
a. Argument;`conclusion:`In`all`communities`...`capacity`to`judge`wisely.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Aristotle`focused`on`clarifying`the`concept`of`virtue`itself.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`They`have`the`capacity`to`follow`...`the`situation.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`He`argued`that`it`was`virtuous`...`were`vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` E PTS:` ` 2
4. Illegal`immigrants`pay`local`sales`taxes,`and`many`of`them`also`pay`state,`local,`and`federal`income`tax`
and`Social`Security`tax.`They`also`purchase`items`from`local`merchants,`increasing`the`amount`these`m
erchants`pay`in`taxes.`In`addition,`they`work`for`low`salaries,`which`increases`the`earnings`of`their`emp
loyers`and`the`amount`of`taxes`these`employers`pay.`Thus,`it`is`not`correct`to`say`that`illegal`immigrant
s`contribute`nothing`to`the`communities`in`which`they`live.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`It`is`not`correct`to`say`...`communities`in`which`they`live.
1
, b. Argument;`conclusion:`They`work`for`low`salaries`...`these`employers`pay.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Illegal`immigrants`pay`...`Social`Security`tax.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`They`also`purchase`items`...`pay`in`taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` A PTS:` ` 2
5. Numerous`studies`have`indicated`that`women`of`color,`black`women`in`particular,`are`over-
arrested,`over-indicted,`and`over-sentenced.`African-
American`women`are`seven`times`more`likely`to`be`arrested`for`prostitution`than`women`of`other`ethn
ic`groups.`Black`women`have`received`significantly`longer`sentences`for`crimes`against`property`and`s
erved`longer`periods`in`prison.`For`both`murder`and`drug`offenses,`Euroamerican`women`ended`up`se
rving`one-third`less`time`for`the`same`offenses`than`black`women.
Nancy`Kurshan,`"Women`and`Imprisonment`in`the`U.S."
a. Argument;`conclusion:`African-American`women`...`other`ethnic`groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`For`both`murder`and`drug`offenses`...`black`women.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`Numerous`studies`have`indicated`...`over-sentenced.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Black`women`have`received`...`longer`periods`in`prison.`
ANS:` B PTS:` 2
6. It's`even`more`important`these`days`that`your`computer`be`protected`by`a`firewall.`There`are`criminal`e
lements`lurking`in`the`shadows`of`cyberspace`who`send`out`probes`to`detect`unprotected`PCs.`Once`a`v
ulnerable`computer`is`found,`these`criminals`install`software`that`assists`them`in`committing`identity`t
heft`and`fencing`stolen`IDs.`They`also`defraud`online`advertisers`by`using`these`zombie`computers`to`
visit`pay-per-click`ads.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`There`are`criminal`elements`...`to`detect`unprotected`PCs.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Once`a`vulnerable`computer`...`fencing`stolen`IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`They`also`defraud`...`to`visit`pay-per-click`ads.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`It's`even`more`important`...`protected`by`a`firewall.`
ANS:` E PTS:` 2
7. The`earth`is`of`interest`to`astronomy`for`many`reasons.`Nearly`all`observations`must`be`made`through`t
he`atmosphere,`and`the`phenomena`of`the`upper`atmosphere`and`the`magnetosphere`reflect`the`state`of`i
nterplanetary`space.`The`earth`is`also`the`most`important`object`of`comparison`for`planetologists.
Hannu`Karttunen,`et`al.,`Fundamental`Astronomy
a. Argument;`conclusion:`The`phenomena`...`state`of`interplanetary`space.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`The`earth`is`also`...`for`planetologists.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`The`earth`is`of`interest`to`astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Nearly`all`observations`...`through`the`atmosphere.`
ANS:` C PTS:` 2
8. If`the`trade`in`tiger`products`is`banned,`tiger`reserves`are`guarded`by`well`equipped`staff,`communities`
abutting`tiger`habitat`are`given`a`stake`in`protecting`tigers,`and`the`makers`of`traditional`medicines`can`
be`persuaded`that`tiger`parts`are`not`needed,`then`tiger`poaching`will`be`halted,`habitat`and`life`sustaini
ng`prey`will`be`restored,`and`the`immanent`extinction`of`tigers`in`the`wild`will`be`averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`The`trade`in`tiger`products`is`banned.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Tiger`poaching`will`be`halted.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`The`makers`of`traditional`medicines`...`not`needed.
2
, e. Argument;`conclusion:`Tiger`poaching`will`be`halted`...`will`be`averted.`
ANS:` A PTS:` 2
9. Humans`are`biological`organisms.`To`understand`our`behavior`and`mental`processes,`we`need`to`unde
rstand`their`biological`underpinnings,`starting`with`the`cellular`level,`the`neuron.`How`we`feel,`learn,`
remember,`and`think`all`stem`from`neuronal`activity.`So,`how`a`neuron`works`and`how`neurons`comm
unicate`are`crucial`pieces`of`information`in`solving`the`puzzle`of`human`behavior`and`mental`processi
ng.
Richard`Griggs,`Psychology:`A`Concise`Introduction
a. Argument;`conclusion:`To`understand`our`behavior`...`the`neuron.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Humans`are`biological`organisms.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`How`we`feel`...`neuronal`activity.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`How`a`neuron`works`...`mental`processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` D PTS:` ` 2
10. Viruses`are`acellular`entities`too`small`to`be`seen`with`a`light`microscope.`They`are`composed`of`a`nuc
leic`acid`and`a`few`proteins.`Viruses`replicate`themselves`and`display`other`properties`of`living`organi
sms`only`when`they`have`invaded`living`cells.`Indeed,`some`viruses`can`be`crystallized`and`stored`in`a`
container`on`a`shelf`for`years,`but`they`retain`the`capacity`to`invade`cells`and`cause`disease.
Jacquelyn`C.`Black,`Microbiology:`Principles`and`Explorations
a. Argument;`conclusion:`They`are`composed`of`a`nucleic`acid`and`a`few`proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Viruses`are`acellular`entities`...`microscope.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`Indeed,`some`viruses`can`be`crystallized`...`cause`disease.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Viruses`replicate`themselves`...`invaded`living`cells.`
ANS:` B PTS:` 2
11. Harnessing`the`clean,`abundant`energy`of`the`sun`and`wind`is`critical`to`solving`the`global`warming`p
roblem.`Technological`advances`have`brought`the`cost`of`electricity`generated`by`the`wind`down`by`8
2`percent`since`1981.`Solar`energy`technology`has`made`remarkable`progress`as`new`photovoltaic`cel
ls`have`been`developed`to`convert`even`greater`amounts`of`sunlight`directly`into`electricity.`Today`the
`costs`of`wind`and`solar`power`are`becoming`competitive`with`dirty`coal-fired`plants.
Sierra`Club,`"Global`Warming`Solutions"
a. Argument;`conclusion:`Today`the`costs`of`wind`...`dirty`coal-fired`plants.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Technological`advances`...`by`82`percent`since`1981.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Harnessing`the`clean`...`the`global`warming`problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Solar`energy`technology`...`directly`into`electricity.`
ANS:` D PTS:` 2
12. It`is`likely`that`innocent`prisoners`in`this`country`have`been`executed`for`crimes`they`did`not`commit.`F
rom`1973`until`2007,`124`death`row`inmates`have`been`exonerated.`In`many`of`these`cases`DNA`evide
nce`played`a`crucial`role.`Yet,`in`that`same`time`frame,`more`than`1000`prisoners`were`executed.`For`m
any`of`these`prisoners`no`DNA`evidence`was`available.`If`such`evidence`had`been`available,`how`may`
more`would`have`been`exonerated?
a. Argument;`conclusion:`In`many`of`these`cases`...`played`a`crucial`role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`From`1973`...`have`been`exonerated.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`For`many`of`these`prisoners`...`was`available.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`It`is`likely`that`innocent`prisoners`...`they`did`not`commit.
3
A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition by Patrick J. Hurley.
,Chapter`1`Test`A
MULTIPLE`CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:`The`following`selections`relate`to`distinguishing`arguments`from`nonarguments`an
d`identifying`conclusions.`Select`the`best`answer`for`each.
1. There`appears`to`be`a`growing`happiness`gap`between`men`and`women.`Women`today`are`working`
more`and`relaxing`less,`while`men`are`working`less`and`relaxing`more.`Forty`years`ago`a`typical`w
oman`spent`40`minutes`more`per`week`than`the`typical`man`performing`an`activity`considered`unpl
easant.`Today,`with`men`working`less,`the`gap`is`90`minutes`and`growing.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`Today`...`the`gap`is`90`minutes`and`growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Forty`years`ago`...`an`activity`considered`unpleasant.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`There`appears`to`be`...`between`men`and`women.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Women`today`are`working`more`and`relaxing`less.`
ANS:` D PTS:` 2
2. Lead`is`toxic,`but`do`you`know`why?`Lead`is`toxic`mainly`because`it`preferentially`replaces`other`met
als`in`biochemical`reactions.`In`so`doing`it`interferes`with`the`proteins`that`regulate`blood`pressure`(wh
ich`can`cause`development`delays`in`children`and`high`blood`pressure`in`adults),`heme`production`(wh
ich`can`lead`to`anemia),`and`sperm`production.`Lead`also`displaces`calcium`in`the`reactions`that`trans
mit`electrical`impulses`in`the`brain,`which`diminishes`the`ability`to`think`and`recall`information.
Anne`Marie`Helmstine,`"Your`Guide`to`Chemistry"
a. Argument;`conclusion:`It`interferes`with`the`proteins`...`and`sperm`production.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Lead`is`toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`It`preferentially`replaces`other`metals`in`biochemical`reactions.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Lead`also`displaces`calcium`...`recall`information.`
ANS:` C PTS:` 2
3. Aristotle`focused`on`clarifying`the`concept`of`virtue`itself.`He`argued`that`it`was`virtuous`to`choose`the`
proper`amount`of`emotion`and/or`action`called`for`in`a`particular`situation`and`that`extremes`of`emotio
n`and`action`were`vices.`In`all`communities`there`are`some`men`of`practical`wisdom`who`have`the`cap
acity`to`judge`wisely.`Aristotle`argued`that`they`have`the`capacity`to`follow`the`"right`rule"`whatever`t
he`situation.
David`Cooper,`Value`Pluralism`and`Ethical`Choice
a. Argument;`conclusion:`In`all`communities`...`capacity`to`judge`wisely.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Aristotle`focused`on`clarifying`the`concept`of`virtue`itself.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`They`have`the`capacity`to`follow`...`the`situation.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`He`argued`that`it`was`virtuous`...`were`vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` E PTS:` ` 2
4. Illegal`immigrants`pay`local`sales`taxes,`and`many`of`them`also`pay`state,`local,`and`federal`income`tax`
and`Social`Security`tax.`They`also`purchase`items`from`local`merchants,`increasing`the`amount`these`m
erchants`pay`in`taxes.`In`addition,`they`work`for`low`salaries,`which`increases`the`earnings`of`their`emp
loyers`and`the`amount`of`taxes`these`employers`pay.`Thus,`it`is`not`correct`to`say`that`illegal`immigrant
s`contribute`nothing`to`the`communities`in`which`they`live.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`It`is`not`correct`to`say`...`communities`in`which`they`live.
1
, b. Argument;`conclusion:`They`work`for`low`salaries`...`these`employers`pay.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Illegal`immigrants`pay`...`Social`Security`tax.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`They`also`purchase`items`...`pay`in`taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` A PTS:` ` 2
5. Numerous`studies`have`indicated`that`women`of`color,`black`women`in`particular,`are`over-
arrested,`over-indicted,`and`over-sentenced.`African-
American`women`are`seven`times`more`likely`to`be`arrested`for`prostitution`than`women`of`other`ethn
ic`groups.`Black`women`have`received`significantly`longer`sentences`for`crimes`against`property`and`s
erved`longer`periods`in`prison.`For`both`murder`and`drug`offenses,`Euroamerican`women`ended`up`se
rving`one-third`less`time`for`the`same`offenses`than`black`women.
Nancy`Kurshan,`"Women`and`Imprisonment`in`the`U.S."
a. Argument;`conclusion:`African-American`women`...`other`ethnic`groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`For`both`murder`and`drug`offenses`...`black`women.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`Numerous`studies`have`indicated`...`over-sentenced.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Black`women`have`received`...`longer`periods`in`prison.`
ANS:` B PTS:` 2
6. It's`even`more`important`these`days`that`your`computer`be`protected`by`a`firewall.`There`are`criminal`e
lements`lurking`in`the`shadows`of`cyberspace`who`send`out`probes`to`detect`unprotected`PCs.`Once`a`v
ulnerable`computer`is`found,`these`criminals`install`software`that`assists`them`in`committing`identity`t
heft`and`fencing`stolen`IDs.`They`also`defraud`online`advertisers`by`using`these`zombie`computers`to`
visit`pay-per-click`ads.
a. Argument;`conclusion:`There`are`criminal`elements`...`to`detect`unprotected`PCs.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Once`a`vulnerable`computer`...`fencing`stolen`IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`They`also`defraud`...`to`visit`pay-per-click`ads.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`It's`even`more`important`...`protected`by`a`firewall.`
ANS:` E PTS:` 2
7. The`earth`is`of`interest`to`astronomy`for`many`reasons.`Nearly`all`observations`must`be`made`through`t
he`atmosphere,`and`the`phenomena`of`the`upper`atmosphere`and`the`magnetosphere`reflect`the`state`of`i
nterplanetary`space.`The`earth`is`also`the`most`important`object`of`comparison`for`planetologists.
Hannu`Karttunen,`et`al.,`Fundamental`Astronomy
a. Argument;`conclusion:`The`phenomena`...`state`of`interplanetary`space.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`The`earth`is`also`...`for`planetologists.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`The`earth`is`of`interest`to`astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Nearly`all`observations`...`through`the`atmosphere.`
ANS:` C PTS:` 2
8. If`the`trade`in`tiger`products`is`banned,`tiger`reserves`are`guarded`by`well`equipped`staff,`communities`
abutting`tiger`habitat`are`given`a`stake`in`protecting`tigers,`and`the`makers`of`traditional`medicines`can`
be`persuaded`that`tiger`parts`are`not`needed,`then`tiger`poaching`will`be`halted,`habitat`and`life`sustaini
ng`prey`will`be`restored,`and`the`immanent`extinction`of`tigers`in`the`wild`will`be`averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`The`trade`in`tiger`products`is`banned.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Tiger`poaching`will`be`halted.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`The`makers`of`traditional`medicines`...`not`needed.
2
, e. Argument;`conclusion:`Tiger`poaching`will`be`halted`...`will`be`averted.`
ANS:` A PTS:` 2
9. Humans`are`biological`organisms.`To`understand`our`behavior`and`mental`processes,`we`need`to`unde
rstand`their`biological`underpinnings,`starting`with`the`cellular`level,`the`neuron.`How`we`feel,`learn,`
remember,`and`think`all`stem`from`neuronal`activity.`So,`how`a`neuron`works`and`how`neurons`comm
unicate`are`crucial`pieces`of`information`in`solving`the`puzzle`of`human`behavior`and`mental`processi
ng.
Richard`Griggs,`Psychology:`A`Concise`Introduction
a. Argument;`conclusion:`To`understand`our`behavior`...`the`neuron.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Humans`are`biological`organisms.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`How`we`feel`...`neuronal`activity.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`How`a`neuron`works`...`mental`processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:` D PTS:` ` 2
10. Viruses`are`acellular`entities`too`small`to`be`seen`with`a`light`microscope.`They`are`composed`of`a`nuc
leic`acid`and`a`few`proteins.`Viruses`replicate`themselves`and`display`other`properties`of`living`organi
sms`only`when`they`have`invaded`living`cells.`Indeed,`some`viruses`can`be`crystallized`and`stored`in`a`
container`on`a`shelf`for`years,`but`they`retain`the`capacity`to`invade`cells`and`cause`disease.
Jacquelyn`C.`Black,`Microbiology:`Principles`and`Explorations
a. Argument;`conclusion:`They`are`composed`of`a`nucleic`acid`and`a`few`proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Viruses`are`acellular`entities`...`microscope.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`Indeed,`some`viruses`can`be`crystallized`...`cause`disease.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Viruses`replicate`themselves`...`invaded`living`cells.`
ANS:` B PTS:` 2
11. Harnessing`the`clean,`abundant`energy`of`the`sun`and`wind`is`critical`to`solving`the`global`warming`p
roblem.`Technological`advances`have`brought`the`cost`of`electricity`generated`by`the`wind`down`by`8
2`percent`since`1981.`Solar`energy`technology`has`made`remarkable`progress`as`new`photovoltaic`cel
ls`have`been`developed`to`convert`even`greater`amounts`of`sunlight`directly`into`electricity.`Today`the
`costs`of`wind`and`solar`power`are`becoming`competitive`with`dirty`coal-fired`plants.
Sierra`Club,`"Global`Warming`Solutions"
a. Argument;`conclusion:`Today`the`costs`of`wind`...`dirty`coal-fired`plants.
b. Argument;`conclusion:`Technological`advances`...`by`82`percent`since`1981.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`Harnessing`the`clean`...`the`global`warming`problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`Solar`energy`technology`...`directly`into`electricity.`
ANS:` D PTS:` 2
12. It`is`likely`that`innocent`prisoners`in`this`country`have`been`executed`for`crimes`they`did`not`commit.`F
rom`1973`until`2007,`124`death`row`inmates`have`been`exonerated.`In`many`of`these`cases`DNA`evide
nce`played`a`crucial`role.`Yet,`in`that`same`time`frame,`more`than`1000`prisoners`were`executed.`For`m
any`of`these`prisoners`no`DNA`evidence`was`available.`If`such`evidence`had`been`available,`how`may`
more`would`have`been`exonerated?
a. Argument;`conclusion:`In`many`of`these`cases`...`played`a`crucial`role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;`conclusion:`From`1973`...`have`been`exonerated.
d. Argument;`conclusion:`For`many`of`these`prisoners`...`was`available.
e. Argument;`conclusion:`It`is`likely`that`innocent`prisoners`...`they`did`not`commit.
3
