n
TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnF
ORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnG
ERInLOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnCh.n1nE
volutionnofnNursingnThoughtnandnAc
tionnPg.n3-11n(fullynsolved)n
NursingnImagesnthroughoutnhistoryn
ThenAngelnofnMercy-
nisnserenenandncontent,nisnusuallynshownnwithnanhalonornothernreligiousnsym
bol.nUntiln100nyearsnago,nnursesncarednfornpatientsnatngreatnrisksntonthemsel
ves.nEvennasnrecentlynasnthen1950’s,nantibioticsnwerennotnreadilynavailable,na
ndnthenchiefncausenofnmortalitynwasninfectiousndisease.n
n
-Historyndemonstratesnanstrongnlinknbetweennnursingnandnreligiousnorders.n
- Thenvaluesnofnservicenandndevotionntonthenpatientnfadednalongnwithntheninflue
ncenofn
Christianitynduringnthen14thntonthen16thncenturiesn(renaissance)n
n
ThenHandmaiden-
nThisnstereotypenportraysnthenmalenphysiciannasnthendominantnrole,nthisnpercepti
onnofnnursingnhasnchangednwithnnursesndoingnmorencollaboration,nplanningnandn
providingncarennotnonlynthendirectionnofnthenphysiciansnbutnalsonalongnwithnthe
m.n
n
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
- Althoughnthenhandmaidennimagenwasnmorenwidespreadninnthenpast,nevennthen
nnotnallnnursesnconsiderednthemselvesntonbensubservientntonphysiciansn
n
ThenBattle-Ax-
nthennursenatnthen“torturer”,ntreatingnhernpatientsnwithncrueltynandndisdain.nCar
engivingnactivitiesncontributentonthenpersistencenofnthenbattle-axnimage-
ndrawingnblood,ngivingninjections….n
n
Thennaughtynnurse-
nthensexynnursenimagenaroseninnthen20thncenturynwithnburlesquenshows.n
n
ThenMilitarynImagen–
nnursesnarenportrayedninnuniformnprovidingnsupportnatnthenbattlefieldn
n
Hospitalers-
nspecializednsoldiersnduringnthencrusadenwhonatnthenendnofnbattlenreturnedntont
henoutpostsntoncarenfornthensicknandninjuredn
n
Describenthenrolenofnreligionninnthendevelopmentnofnnursing.n
n
InnEygpt,nancientnGreecenandnRome,ntemplesnwerenhealthncentersnasnwellnasn
placesnofnworship.nNursesnstartednoffninnmonasteriesnbutnmovedntonhospitalsn
duentonpersecution.nAncientnwritingsndescribennursingnresponsibilities/attributes
ntoninclude:nknowledgenofnthenpreparation,ncompounding,nandnadministrationn
ofndrugs,nwisdom,npuritynandndevotionntonthenpatient.n
n
Thenassociationnofnnursingnwithnreligionnhasnnotnalwaysnbeennpositiven
Duringnthen15thnandn19thncenturies,ntheninfluencenofnChristianitynbeganntonwanen
andnmanynnursesnwithnreligiousnordersnfledntonavoidnimprisonmentnandndeath.nT
herenwasnanshiftninnmedicinenthatnmovednpractitionersnfromnmonasteriesntonuniv
ersities.n
n
-Manynnursingnprogramsnarenstillnaffiliatednwithnreligiousngroups.n
n
Identifynthenfactorsnthatnledntonthenchangenofnnursingnfromnanvocationnofnme
nnandnwomenntonanpredominantlynfemalenprofessionn
n
WARn
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
n
Definennursingninnyournownnwords.n
n
Nursesnassistnthenindividualnsicknornwellninnactivitiesnthatncontributentonhealthnor
nit’snrecovery,nornanpeacefulndeath.n
n
Theninternationalncouncilnofnnursesndefinition:npgn11.n
“nNursingnencompassesnautonomousnandncollaborativencarenofnindividualsnofnalln
ages,nfamilies,ngroupsnandncommunities,nsicknandnwellnandninnallnsettings.nNursi
ngnincludesnthenpromotionnofnhealth,npreventionnofnillnessnandnthencarenofnill,n
disablednandndyingnpeople.nAdvocacy,npromotingnofnansafenenvironment,nresearc
h,nparticipationninnshapingnhealthnpolicynandninnpatientnandnhealthnsystemsnma
nagement,nandneducationnarenalsonkeynnursingnroles.”n
n
FlorencenNightingalesncontributionsntonnursing:n
Thenestablishmentnofnnursingnasnandistinctnprofessionn
Introductionnofnanbroad-basednliberalneducationnfornnursesn
Majornreformninnthendeliverynofncareninnhospitalsn
Thenintroductionnofnstandardsntoncontrolnthenspreadnofndiseasenofnhospitalsn
(nepidemiology),ndecreasenofnnosocomialninfectionsn
Majornreformsninnhealthcarenfornthenmilitaryn
n
LiliannWaldnandnMarynBrewster-n
FoundednthenHenrynStreetnSettlementninnNewnYorkntonimproventhenhealthnandns
ocialnconditionsnofnpoornimmigrants,nthisnisnconsiderednthenstartnofnpublicnhealth
nnursingninnthenU.S.n
n
WhitenWomen-
nAboutn82%nofnRN’snarenwhite,n6%narenmale.nMajornnursingnorganizationsnagree
nthatnwenneednanmorendiversifiednnursingnforce.n
Examplesnofnnursingnactivitiesn
Dependentnactivitiesn
-Administeringnprescribednmedicationn
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
-Assistingnwithnandiagnosticntestn
-nAdministeringnIVnfluidsn
-Ensuringnthatnthenpatientnreceivednthenprescribedndietn
n
IndependentnActivitiesn
n
-
Evaluatingnthenpatient’snresponsentonmedicationnandnwithholdingnthennextndoseni
fnthenpatientnhasnannegativenreactionn
n
-
Teachingnthenpatientnwhatntonexpectnfromnthendiagnosticntestn,npreparingnthenp
atientnfornthentest.n
n
-Evaluatingnthenpatient’snresponsentontreatment,nmonitoringnthenflownraten
n
-Teachingnanpregnantnwomannaboutnadditionalnnutrientsnneededninnherndiet.n
n
Full-nspectrumnnurse:n
Nursesnusenclinicalnjudgement,ncriticalnthinking,nandnproblemnsolvingnasntheyncar
enfornpatients.n
n
ClinicalnJudgment-
ninvolvednobserving,ncomparing,ncontrastingnandnevaluatingnthenclient’sncondition
ntondeterminenwherenchangenhasnoccurred.n
n
Criticalnthinking-
nisnanreflectiventhinkingnprocessnthatninvolvedncollectingninformation,nanalyzingnth
enadequacynandnaccuracynofntheninformation.n
n
Problemnsolving-
nisnanprocessnbynwhichnnursesnconsidernannissuenandnattemptntonfindnansatisfact
orynsolutionntonachieventhenbestnoutcomes.n
n
Learningnoutcomes…nPgsn12-24n
n
TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnF
ORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnG
ERInLOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnCh.n1nE
volutionnofnNursingnThoughtnandnAc
tionnPg.n3-11n(fullynsolved)n
NursingnImagesnthroughoutnhistoryn
ThenAngelnofnMercy-
nisnserenenandncontent,nisnusuallynshownnwithnanhalonornothernreligiousnsym
bol.nUntiln100nyearsnago,nnursesncarednfornpatientsnatngreatnrisksntonthemsel
ves.nEvennasnrecentlynasnthen1950’s,nantibioticsnwerennotnreadilynavailable,na
ndnthenchiefncausenofnmortalitynwasninfectiousndisease.n
n
-Historyndemonstratesnanstrongnlinknbetweennnursingnandnreligiousnorders.n
- Thenvaluesnofnservicenandndevotionntonthenpatientnfadednalongnwithntheninflue
ncenofn
Christianitynduringnthen14thntonthen16thncenturiesn(renaissance)n
n
ThenHandmaiden-
nThisnstereotypenportraysnthenmalenphysiciannasnthendominantnrole,nthisnpercepti
onnofnnursingnhasnchangednwithnnursesndoingnmorencollaboration,nplanningnandn
providingncarennotnonlynthendirectionnofnthenphysiciansnbutnalsonalongnwithnthe
m.n
n
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
- Althoughnthenhandmaidennimagenwasnmorenwidespreadninnthenpast,nevennthen
nnotnallnnursesnconsiderednthemselvesntonbensubservientntonphysiciansn
n
ThenBattle-Ax-
nthennursenatnthen“torturer”,ntreatingnhernpatientsnwithncrueltynandndisdain.nCar
engivingnactivitiesncontributentonthenpersistencenofnthenbattle-axnimage-
ndrawingnblood,ngivingninjections….n
n
Thennaughtynnurse-
nthensexynnursenimagenaroseninnthen20thncenturynwithnburlesquenshows.n
n
ThenMilitarynImagen–
nnursesnarenportrayedninnuniformnprovidingnsupportnatnthenbattlefieldn
n
Hospitalers-
nspecializednsoldiersnduringnthencrusadenwhonatnthenendnofnbattlenreturnedntont
henoutpostsntoncarenfornthensicknandninjuredn
n
Describenthenrolenofnreligionninnthendevelopmentnofnnursing.n
n
InnEygpt,nancientnGreecenandnRome,ntemplesnwerenhealthncentersnasnwellnasn
placesnofnworship.nNursesnstartednoffninnmonasteriesnbutnmovedntonhospitalsn
duentonpersecution.nAncientnwritingsndescribennursingnresponsibilities/attributes
ntoninclude:nknowledgenofnthenpreparation,ncompounding,nandnadministrationn
ofndrugs,nwisdom,npuritynandndevotionntonthenpatient.n
n
Thenassociationnofnnursingnwithnreligionnhasnnotnalwaysnbeennpositiven
Duringnthen15thnandn19thncenturies,ntheninfluencenofnChristianitynbeganntonwanen
andnmanynnursesnwithnreligiousnordersnfledntonavoidnimprisonmentnandndeath.nT
herenwasnanshiftninnmedicinenthatnmovednpractitionersnfromnmonasteriesntonuniv
ersities.n
n
-Manynnursingnprogramsnarenstillnaffiliatednwithnreligiousngroups.n
n
Identifynthenfactorsnthatnledntonthenchangenofnnursingnfromnanvocationnofnme
nnandnwomenntonanpredominantlynfemalenprofessionn
n
WARn
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
n
Definennursingninnyournownnwords.n
n
Nursesnassistnthenindividualnsicknornwellninnactivitiesnthatncontributentonhealthnor
nit’snrecovery,nornanpeacefulndeath.n
n
Theninternationalncouncilnofnnursesndefinition:npgn11.n
“nNursingnencompassesnautonomousnandncollaborativencarenofnindividualsnofnalln
ages,nfamilies,ngroupsnandncommunities,nsicknandnwellnandninnallnsettings.nNursi
ngnincludesnthenpromotionnofnhealth,npreventionnofnillnessnandnthencarenofnill,n
disablednandndyingnpeople.nAdvocacy,npromotingnofnansafenenvironment,nresearc
h,nparticipationninnshapingnhealthnpolicynandninnpatientnandnhealthnsystemsnma
nagement,nandneducationnarenalsonkeynnursingnroles.”n
n
FlorencenNightingalesncontributionsntonnursing:n
Thenestablishmentnofnnursingnasnandistinctnprofessionn
Introductionnofnanbroad-basednliberalneducationnfornnursesn
Majornreformninnthendeliverynofncareninnhospitalsn
Thenintroductionnofnstandardsntoncontrolnthenspreadnofndiseasenofnhospitalsn
(nepidemiology),ndecreasenofnnosocomialninfectionsn
Majornreformsninnhealthcarenfornthenmilitaryn
n
LiliannWaldnandnMarynBrewster-n
FoundednthenHenrynStreetnSettlementninnNewnYorkntonimproventhenhealthnandns
ocialnconditionsnofnpoornimmigrants,nthisnisnconsiderednthenstartnofnpublicnhealth
nnursingninnthenU.S.n
n
WhitenWomen-
nAboutn82%nofnRN’snarenwhite,n6%narenmale.nMajornnursingnorganizationsnagree
nthatnwenneednanmorendiversifiednnursingnforce.n
Examplesnofnnursingnactivitiesn
Dependentnactivitiesn
-Administeringnprescribednmedicationn
, TESTnBANKnFORnNURSINGnRESEARCHn
METHODSnANDnCRITICALnAPPRAISALnFORn
EVIDENCE-
BASEDnPRACTICEn9THnEDITIONnBYnGERIn
LOBIONDO-
WOOD,nANDnJUDITHnHABERnISBN:n97803
23431316nISBN:n
9780323447652n
n
n
-Assistingnwithnandiagnosticntestn
-nAdministeringnIVnfluidsn
-Ensuringnthatnthenpatientnreceivednthenprescribedndietn
n
IndependentnActivitiesn
n
-
Evaluatingnthenpatient’snresponsentonmedicationnandnwithholdingnthennextndoseni
fnthenpatientnhasnannegativenreactionn
n
-
Teachingnthenpatientnwhatntonexpectnfromnthendiagnosticntestn,npreparingnthenp
atientnfornthentest.n
n
-Evaluatingnthenpatient’snresponsentontreatment,nmonitoringnthenflownraten
n
-Teachingnanpregnantnwomannaboutnadditionalnnutrientsnneededninnherndiet.n
n
Full-nspectrumnnurse:n
Nursesnusenclinicalnjudgement,ncriticalnthinking,nandnproblemnsolvingnasntheyncar
enfornpatients.n
n
ClinicalnJudgment-
ninvolvednobserving,ncomparing,ncontrastingnandnevaluatingnthenclient’sncondition
ntondeterminenwherenchangenhasnoccurred.n
n
Criticalnthinking-
nisnanreflectiventhinkingnprocessnthatninvolvedncollectingninformation,nanalyzingnth
enadequacynandnaccuracynofntheninformation.n
n
Problemnsolving-
nisnanprocessnbynwhichnnursesnconsidernannissuenandnattemptntonfindnansatisfact
orynsolutionntonachieventhenbestnoutcomes.n
n
Learningnoutcomes…nPgsn12-24n
n
