Nursing 8th Edition Full Exam
Complete Questions with
Solutions Updated 2025/2026
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Folic acid deficiency anemia - ANSWER ✓ Anemia caused by poor nutrients,
chronic alcohol abuse or malabsorption syndromes such as chrons disease
Hiatal hernia - ANSWER ✓ Protrusion of the stomach into the thoracic cavity
through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
GERD - ANSWER ✓ Major problem that can occur with hiatal hernias.
Use of antacids, histamine anatagonist, proton pump inhibitors and dietary
modifications.
Fatty foods, carbonated drinks, alcohol,, caffeine should all be avoided. Eat smaller
and more frequent meals. Restrict fluids and food after normal evening meal. In
severe cases head of bed may need to be elevated - ANSWER ✓ Tx for GERD
Young adult: 10-15
Older adult: 10-20 - ANSWER ✓ Normal levels of BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Urinary incontinence - ANSWER ✓ involuntary loss of urine
Chronic renal failure - ANSWER ✓ Elevated levels of BUN & creatinine can
reveal that a patient has
Muscle weakness, edema, nausea, vomiting, itching and dry skin - ANSWER ✓
Symptoms of chronic renal failure
,Brain and spinal cord - ANSWER ✓ Central nervous system consists of
Medulla oblongta - ANSWER ✓ Extends from the spinal cord to the pons.
Controls many vital functions
Pons - ANSWER ✓ Works with the medulla oblongta to regulate breathing
rhythm
Cerbellum - ANSWER ✓ Works to coordinate body movement at an unconscious
level
Midbrain - ANSWER ✓ Integrates visual and auditory reflexes and helps maintain
balance and equilibrium
Hypothalamus - ANSWER ✓ Regulates body temp, controls food intake, and is
involved with visceral responses
Cerebrum - ANSWER ✓ Functions contralaterally
Parkinson's disease - ANSWER ✓ A progressive, degenerative disorder of the
CNS. Aka paralysis agitans
Dementia - ANSWER ✓ Characterized by personality changes, confusion,
disorientation, impaired control of memory, judgement and impulses
Vascular dementia - ANSWER ✓ Second most common type of dementia that
results form hemorrhage or ischemic brain lesions
Dementia with lewy bodies - ANSWER ✓ Caused by microscopic protein clumps
in the brain that cause damage to nerve cells
Parkinson's dementia - ANSWER ✓ This occurs with the progression of
Parkinson's disease caused by clumps in the substantia Nigra of the brain.
Mixed dementia - ANSWER ✓ Occur when more than one type of dementia is
present
,Alzheimer's - ANSWER ✓ Most common form of dementia & is typically seen in
older adults over 65.
Aricept, exelon, razadyne - ANSWER ✓ Currently older adults are suffering from
Alzheimer's are being treated with several classifications of drugs. These drugs
include:
Transient ischemic attack - ANSWER ✓ Breif episodes of cerebrovascular
insufficiency that are usually the result of cerebral blood vessel obstructions
Stroke aka CVA: cerebrovascular accident - ANSWER ✓ Disturbance of the
blood supply to the brain. Related to hardening or thickening of the BV,
hypertension, diabetes, or a combination of these
Ischemic stroke - ANSWER ✓ Lack of blood and oxygen flow caused by blood
clot. This compromises 87% of all strokes
Hemorrhagic stroke - ANSWER ✓ Weakened vessels or aneurysms that rupture
out of no where or as a result of hypertension
Hyperopia/presbyopia - ANSWER ✓ Literally meaning aging eye
Blepharitis - ANSWER ✓ Inflammation of the eye lid. This is one of the most
common disorders of the eye.
Diplopia - ANSWER ✓ Double vision
Glaucoma - ANSWER ✓ Increased fluid pressure within the eye that may result in
damage to the retina.
Presbycusis - ANSWER ✓ Alteration in hearing capacity related to agin. This
affects an estimated 13% of older adults. This is when the older person loses the
ability to hear high frequency tones
Tinnitus - ANSWER ✓ Ringing in the ears
Deafness - ANSWER ✓ Inability to hear sounds fully. Can be temporary or
permanent. Can affect just one ear or both
, Meniere disease - ANSWER ✓ Chronic disorder of the inner ear. Can experience
severe vertigo. May report nausea, tinnitus, hearing loss and a sensation of pressure
in the ear
Anti diuretic hormone - ANSWER ✓ Posterior pituitary secretes
Growth hormone - ANSWER ✓ The anterior pituitary secretes
Thyroxin & calcitonin - ANSWER ✓ Thyroid gland secretes
B cells that produce insulin - ANSWER ✓ Pancreas secretes
Epinephrine - ANSWER ✓ Adrenal medulla secretes
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and small amounts of sex hormone -
ANSWER ✓ Adrenal cortex secretes
Estrogen and progesterone - ANSWER ✓ Ovaries secrete
Testosterone - ANSWER ✓ Testes secrete
Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER ✓ Absolute lack of insulin production.
Symptoms of excessive thirst, hunger, and urination. Requires continuous
monitoring and medical supervision. Tx involves insulin therapy, exercise, good
diet, stress management
Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER ✓ Most commonly seen in older adults. Accounts for
85-90% of everyone with this disease. It is usually not diagnosed until yearly exam
for medical attention for visual disturbances, delayed wound healing, or vag or
yeast infections.
Classic signs of hypoglycemia - ANSWER ✓ Headache, nausea, weakness,
tremors, irrabilty, tachycardia, sweating and hunger
40-60 - ANSWER ✓ Treat with milk and crackers
20-40 - ANSWER ✓ Treat with honey, juice or sugar