Physics Paper 1 Exam ALREADY PASSED
Energy Stores-/=Elastic potential
Gravitational potential
Thermal
Electrostatic
Nuclear
Chemical
Kinetic
Magnetic
Light
Sound
How is energy transferred?-/=Mechanically - force doing work
Electrically - work done by moving charges
Heating/Radiation - light, sound
How can work be done?-/=When a current flows or by a force moving an object
Kinetic energy formula-/=E=1/2mv² Kinetic energy(J) = 0.5 x mass(kg) x speed²(m/s)
Gravitational potential energy formula-/=E=mgh G.P.E(J) = mass(kg) x gravitational field
strength (N/kg) x height (m)
What happens when an object falls and there's no air resistance?-/=Energy lost from the g.p.e
store = energy gained in the kinetic energy store
What does air resistance do when acting against falling objects?-/=It causes some energy to be
transferred to other energy stores e.g. the thermal energy stores of the object and the
surroundings
Elastic potential energy formula-/=E=1/2ke² E.P.E(J) = 0.5 x spring constant(N/m) x
extension²(m)
What is SHC?-/=The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by
1°C
SHC formula-/=E=mcθ Change in thermal energy(J) = mass(kg) x SHC(J/kg/°C) x temperature
change(°C)
,What is the conservation of energy principle?-/=Energy can be transferred usefully, or stored or
dissipated (wasted energy), but can never be created or destroyed
What is power?-/=The rate of energy transfer, or the rate of doing work
What is 1W equal to?-/=1J of energy transferred per second
Power Equation 1-/=E=Pt Energy transferred(J) = power(W) x time(s)
Power Equation 2-/=W=Pt Work done(J) = power(W) x time(s)
What is conduction?-/=The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring
particles Energy is transferred to thermal stores of the object - this energy is shared across the
kinetic energy stores
What is thermal conductivity?-/=A measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a
material via conduction
What is convection?-/=Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
Energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the object and is shared across the kinetic
stores
What do radiators create?-/=Convection currents
Convection currents - process-/=Energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles
by conduction
The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense as the particles move quicker
The warm air rises and displaces the cooler air, which is then heated by the radiator
The previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings - the air cools, becomes denser
and sinks
What does lubrication do?-/=Reduce frictional forces
What does insulation do?-/=Reduce the rate of energy transfer by heating
Thermal insulation techniques-/=Cavity walls - made up of an inner and outer wall with an air
gap in the middle - the air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction through
the walls
Cavity wall insulators - the air gap is filled with foam also reduces energy transfer by convection
in the wall cavity
, Loft insulation - reduces convection currents being created in lofts
Double-glazed windows - air gap between two sheets of glass that prevent energy transfer by
conduction through the windows
Draught excluders - reduce energy transfers by convection around doors and windows
How do you improve efficiency?-/=Lubrication
Insulation
Making objects more streamlined
Efficiency - energy transfer equation-/=Useful output energy transfer divided by total input
energy transfer
Efficiency - power equation-/=Useful power output divided by total power input
Is any device 100% efficienct?-/=No
Where is wasted energy usually transferred?-/=Thermal energy stores
How do thick walls prevent energy losses through heating?-/=They're made from a material with
a low thermal conductivity - the thicker the walls, the lower the thermal conductivity, the slower
the rate of energy transfer
What objects are usually 100% efficient?-/=Electric heaters - all the energy in the electrostatic
energy stores is transferred to useful thermal energy stores
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)-/=Non-renewable Cause acid rain Cause global warming
Reliable currently - they are finite, so they will run out eventually Coal mining ruins the
landscape Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
Energy resources used for transport-/=Petrol and diesel from oil - non-renewable Coal (steam
trains) - non-renewable Bio-fuels - renewable
Energy resources used for heating-/=Natural gas - non-renewable Coal - non-renewable Electric
heaters - non-renewable Geothermal - renewable Solar water heaters - renewable Bio-fuels -
renewable
Wind Power-/=Renewable Doesn't cause global warming Doesn't cause acid rain No pollution
No permanent damage to the landscape Free - initial costs are high Very noisy Spoil the view
Not always reliable
Energy Stores-/=Elastic potential
Gravitational potential
Thermal
Electrostatic
Nuclear
Chemical
Kinetic
Magnetic
Light
Sound
How is energy transferred?-/=Mechanically - force doing work
Electrically - work done by moving charges
Heating/Radiation - light, sound
How can work be done?-/=When a current flows or by a force moving an object
Kinetic energy formula-/=E=1/2mv² Kinetic energy(J) = 0.5 x mass(kg) x speed²(m/s)
Gravitational potential energy formula-/=E=mgh G.P.E(J) = mass(kg) x gravitational field
strength (N/kg) x height (m)
What happens when an object falls and there's no air resistance?-/=Energy lost from the g.p.e
store = energy gained in the kinetic energy store
What does air resistance do when acting against falling objects?-/=It causes some energy to be
transferred to other energy stores e.g. the thermal energy stores of the object and the
surroundings
Elastic potential energy formula-/=E=1/2ke² E.P.E(J) = 0.5 x spring constant(N/m) x
extension²(m)
What is SHC?-/=The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by
1°C
SHC formula-/=E=mcθ Change in thermal energy(J) = mass(kg) x SHC(J/kg/°C) x temperature
change(°C)
,What is the conservation of energy principle?-/=Energy can be transferred usefully, or stored or
dissipated (wasted energy), but can never be created or destroyed
What is power?-/=The rate of energy transfer, or the rate of doing work
What is 1W equal to?-/=1J of energy transferred per second
Power Equation 1-/=E=Pt Energy transferred(J) = power(W) x time(s)
Power Equation 2-/=W=Pt Work done(J) = power(W) x time(s)
What is conduction?-/=The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring
particles Energy is transferred to thermal stores of the object - this energy is shared across the
kinetic energy stores
What is thermal conductivity?-/=A measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a
material via conduction
What is convection?-/=Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
Energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the object and is shared across the kinetic
stores
What do radiators create?-/=Convection currents
Convection currents - process-/=Energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles
by conduction
The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense as the particles move quicker
The warm air rises and displaces the cooler air, which is then heated by the radiator
The previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings - the air cools, becomes denser
and sinks
What does lubrication do?-/=Reduce frictional forces
What does insulation do?-/=Reduce the rate of energy transfer by heating
Thermal insulation techniques-/=Cavity walls - made up of an inner and outer wall with an air
gap in the middle - the air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction through
the walls
Cavity wall insulators - the air gap is filled with foam also reduces energy transfer by convection
in the wall cavity
, Loft insulation - reduces convection currents being created in lofts
Double-glazed windows - air gap between two sheets of glass that prevent energy transfer by
conduction through the windows
Draught excluders - reduce energy transfers by convection around doors and windows
How do you improve efficiency?-/=Lubrication
Insulation
Making objects more streamlined
Efficiency - energy transfer equation-/=Useful output energy transfer divided by total input
energy transfer
Efficiency - power equation-/=Useful power output divided by total power input
Is any device 100% efficienct?-/=No
Where is wasted energy usually transferred?-/=Thermal energy stores
How do thick walls prevent energy losses through heating?-/=They're made from a material with
a low thermal conductivity - the thicker the walls, the lower the thermal conductivity, the slower
the rate of energy transfer
What objects are usually 100% efficient?-/=Electric heaters - all the energy in the electrostatic
energy stores is transferred to useful thermal energy stores
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)-/=Non-renewable Cause acid rain Cause global warming
Reliable currently - they are finite, so they will run out eventually Coal mining ruins the
landscape Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
Energy resources used for transport-/=Petrol and diesel from oil - non-renewable Coal (steam
trains) - non-renewable Bio-fuels - renewable
Energy resources used for heating-/=Natural gas - non-renewable Coal - non-renewable Electric
heaters - non-renewable Geothermal - renewable Solar water heaters - renewable Bio-fuels -
renewable
Wind Power-/=Renewable Doesn't cause global warming Doesn't cause acid rain No pollution
No permanent damage to the landscape Free - initial costs are high Very noisy Spoil the view
Not always reliable
