Path 1000 Units 1-3
what is the most common cause of hypoxia - ✔️✔️ischemia (reduced blood supply)
what are the mechanisms of ischemia- reperfusion injury - ✔️✔️oxidative stress,
increased intracellular calcium concentration, inflammation, complement activation
why are free radicals dangerous - ✔️✔️Highly reactive
Can cause trouble depending on where it pulls electron
LDL --> Atherosclerosis
Proteins --> Cataracts
DNA --> Cancer
what are asphyxial injuries caused by - ✔️✔️caused by a failure of cells to receive or
use oxygen
asphyxial injuries can be grouped into four general categories, what are they -
✔️✔️suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, and drowning
define disuse atrophy - ✔️✔️individuals immobilized in bed for a prolonged. of time
exhibit a type of skeletal muscle atrophy
define hypertrophy - ✔️✔️a compensatory increase in the size of cells in response to
mechanical stimuli and consequently increases the size of the affected organ
define hyperplasia - ✔️✔️an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increase
rate of cellular division, hyperplasia, as a response to injury, occurs when the injury has
been severe and prolonged enough to have caused cellular death
define compensatory hyperplasia - ✔️✔️an adaptive mechanism that enables certain
organs to regenerate, for example, removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of
the remaining liver cells to compensate for the loss
define hormonal hyperplasia - ✔️✔️occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such
as the uterus and breast, after ovulation for example, estrogen stimulates the
endometrium to grow and stick in in preparation for receiving the fertilized ovum
define adaptation - ✔️✔️a reversible, structural, or functional responsible to normal or
physiological conditions and to adverse or pathological conditions
define atrophy - ✔️✔️a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size
,define physiological atrophy - ✔️✔️occurs with early development, for example, the
thymus gland undergoes physiological atrophy during childhood
define pathological atrophy - ✔️✔️occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system
stimulation
define pathological hyperplasia - ✔️✔️the abnormal proliferation of normal cells,
usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells,
the most common example is pathological hyperplasia of the endometrium
define dysplasia - ✔️✔️refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization
of mature cells, dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive process but is related to
hyperplasia and is often called atypical hyperplasia
define metaplasia - ✔️✔️the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
sometimes less differentiated, cell type
define hypoxia - ✔️✔️lack of oxygen within cells, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury
the disease producing potential of a microorganism depends on its ability to do what -
✔️✔️invade and destroy cells, produce toxins, and produce damaging hypersensitivity
reactions
define necrosis - ✔️✔️the sum of cellular changes after local cellular death and the
process of cellular self digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis
what are the different types of necrosis - ✔️✔️Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fatty
gangrenous
gas gangrene
what is apoptosis - ✔️✔️an important distinct type of cellular death that differs from
necrosis in several ways, it's an active process of cellular self-destruction called
programmed cellular death and is implicated in both normal and pathological tissue
changes
death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathological States, including what -
✔️✔️severe cellular injury, accumulation of misfolded proteins, infections, obstruction
in tissue ducts
, what is autophagy - ✔️✔️a self destructive process and a survival mechanism, it
involves the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation
define pathophysiology - ✔️✔️Study of the underlying physiological process associated
with disease
what is pathogenesis - ✔️✔️the manner in which a disease develops
what is clinical manifestation - ✔️✔️A term used when signs(objective) & symptoms
(subjective) are presented by a client
define etiology - ✔️✔️cause of disease
define idiopathic - ✔️✔️unknown cause
define iatrogenic - ✔️✔️Disease and/or injury as a result of medical intervention
define epidemiology - ✔️✔️The study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems.
define endemic - ✔️✔️(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular
people or in a certain area.
define epidemic - ✔️✔️the occurrence of disease in excess of normal in a specific
community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly; "outbreak"
define pandemic - ✔️✔️(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.
define morbidity - ✔️✔️Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a
population or group.
define mortality - ✔️✔️the incidence of death in a population
define prognosis - ✔️✔️a forecast about the probable course of an illness
Define Sequelae - ✔️✔️long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs,
unwanted outcome
define comorbidity - ✔️✔️the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or
conditions in a patient
define remission - ✔️✔️The disappearance or relief of symptoms
what is the most common cause of hypoxia - ✔️✔️ischemia (reduced blood supply)
what are the mechanisms of ischemia- reperfusion injury - ✔️✔️oxidative stress,
increased intracellular calcium concentration, inflammation, complement activation
why are free radicals dangerous - ✔️✔️Highly reactive
Can cause trouble depending on where it pulls electron
LDL --> Atherosclerosis
Proteins --> Cataracts
DNA --> Cancer
what are asphyxial injuries caused by - ✔️✔️caused by a failure of cells to receive or
use oxygen
asphyxial injuries can be grouped into four general categories, what are they -
✔️✔️suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, and drowning
define disuse atrophy - ✔️✔️individuals immobilized in bed for a prolonged. of time
exhibit a type of skeletal muscle atrophy
define hypertrophy - ✔️✔️a compensatory increase in the size of cells in response to
mechanical stimuli and consequently increases the size of the affected organ
define hyperplasia - ✔️✔️an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increase
rate of cellular division, hyperplasia, as a response to injury, occurs when the injury has
been severe and prolonged enough to have caused cellular death
define compensatory hyperplasia - ✔️✔️an adaptive mechanism that enables certain
organs to regenerate, for example, removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of
the remaining liver cells to compensate for the loss
define hormonal hyperplasia - ✔️✔️occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such
as the uterus and breast, after ovulation for example, estrogen stimulates the
endometrium to grow and stick in in preparation for receiving the fertilized ovum
define adaptation - ✔️✔️a reversible, structural, or functional responsible to normal or
physiological conditions and to adverse or pathological conditions
define atrophy - ✔️✔️a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size
,define physiological atrophy - ✔️✔️occurs with early development, for example, the
thymus gland undergoes physiological atrophy during childhood
define pathological atrophy - ✔️✔️occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system
stimulation
define pathological hyperplasia - ✔️✔️the abnormal proliferation of normal cells,
usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells,
the most common example is pathological hyperplasia of the endometrium
define dysplasia - ✔️✔️refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization
of mature cells, dysplasia is not considered a true adaptive process but is related to
hyperplasia and is often called atypical hyperplasia
define metaplasia - ✔️✔️the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
sometimes less differentiated, cell type
define hypoxia - ✔️✔️lack of oxygen within cells, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury
the disease producing potential of a microorganism depends on its ability to do what -
✔️✔️invade and destroy cells, produce toxins, and produce damaging hypersensitivity
reactions
define necrosis - ✔️✔️the sum of cellular changes after local cellular death and the
process of cellular self digestion, known as autodigestion or autolysis
what are the different types of necrosis - ✔️✔️Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fatty
gangrenous
gas gangrene
what is apoptosis - ✔️✔️an important distinct type of cellular death that differs from
necrosis in several ways, it's an active process of cellular self-destruction called
programmed cellular death and is implicated in both normal and pathological tissue
changes
death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathological States, including what -
✔️✔️severe cellular injury, accumulation of misfolded proteins, infections, obstruction
in tissue ducts
, what is autophagy - ✔️✔️a self destructive process and a survival mechanism, it
involves the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation
define pathophysiology - ✔️✔️Study of the underlying physiological process associated
with disease
what is pathogenesis - ✔️✔️the manner in which a disease develops
what is clinical manifestation - ✔️✔️A term used when signs(objective) & symptoms
(subjective) are presented by a client
define etiology - ✔️✔️cause of disease
define idiopathic - ✔️✔️unknown cause
define iatrogenic - ✔️✔️Disease and/or injury as a result of medical intervention
define epidemiology - ✔️✔️The study of the distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems.
define endemic - ✔️✔️(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular
people or in a certain area.
define epidemic - ✔️✔️the occurrence of disease in excess of normal in a specific
community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly; "outbreak"
define pandemic - ✔️✔️(of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.
define morbidity - ✔️✔️Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a
population or group.
define mortality - ✔️✔️the incidence of death in a population
define prognosis - ✔️✔️a forecast about the probable course of an illness
Define Sequelae - ✔️✔️long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs,
unwanted outcome
define comorbidity - ✔️✔️the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or
conditions in a patient
define remission - ✔️✔️The disappearance or relief of symptoms
