NURS 549 Pharm Midterm Exam
Questions and answers 2025
025
Pharmacokinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-What .the .body .does .to .the .drug .once
.administered
Pharmacodynamics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .actions .of .a .drug .on .the .body
Absorption .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .transfer .of .the .drug .from .the .site .of
.administration .to .the .bloodstream
Distribution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .process .by .which .the .drug .leaves .the
.blood .stream .and .enters .the .interstitial .and .then .tissue .cells
Metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .drug .is .broken .down .to .metabolites .in
.the .tissues
Elimination .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Removal .of .drug .from .the .body .via .bile, .urine
Which .drugs .passively .diffuse .across .membranes .most .easily: .Un-ionized,
.lipid-soluble .drugs .OR .ionized, .water-soluble .drugs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Un-
ionized, .lipid .soluble .drugs
What .drugs .are .easily .eliminated .via .the .kidney? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Ionized,
.water .soluble .forms .of .drug
Where .are .weakly .acidic .drugs .better .absorbed? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .the
.acidic .media .of .the .stomach .drug .will .remain .protonated .(un-ionized, .lipid
.soluble)
Where .will .weakly .basic .drugs .be .better .absorbed? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .the
.basic .media .of .the .small .intestine .the .drug .will .remain .protonated .(un-ionized)
Where .is .drug .absorption .most .efficient? .Stomach, .SI .or .LI? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .small .intestine, .as .it .has .the .largest .surface .area .and .blood .flow
,First .pass .effect .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .initial .metabolism .in .the .liver .of .a
.drug .absorbed .from .the .gastrointestinal .tract .before .the .drug .reaches .systemic
.circulation .through .the .bloodstream.
Oral .bioavailability .& .relation .to .first .pass .effect .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The
.fraction .of .an .administered .drug .that .reaches .the .systemic .circulation .after .oral
.administration. .High .first .pass .effect, .low .oral .bioavailability
Bioavailability .= .(AUC .oral ./ .AUC .injected) .x .100
SubQ .versus .IM .absorption .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-SubQ .tissue .has .less
.vascularity .than .muscle .tissue. .IM .absorption .is .faster
Rectal .administration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Avoids .liver .biotransformation. .50%
.of .drainage .from .rectal .region .bypasses .portal .circulation
Drugs .that .are .unstable .in .the .acidic .environment .of .the .stomach .and .have .0%
.bioavailability .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Insulin, .Penicillin .G
Bioequivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Two .drugs .have .comparable
.bioavailability .(similar .time .to .peak .blood .concentration)
Pharmaceutical .equivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Drugs .with .the .same .active
.ingredient, .same .dosage .form, .same .route, .identical .in .strength/concentration
Therapeutic .equivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pharmaceutical .equivalents .with
.the .same .clinical .effect .and .safety .profile
Drug .distribution .depends .on... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cardiac .output
Regional .blood .flow
Capillary .permeability
Degree .of .drug .binding .to .plasma .and .tissue .proteins .(drug .that .binds .to
.albumin .may .not .distribute. .rugs .that .bind .tissue .proteins .may .have .prolonged
.effect)
Volume .of .distribution .(Vd) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hypothetical .volume .of .fluid
.into .which .the .drug .is .disseminated .- .numeric .value .based .on .liters, .patient
.independent .marker
Types .of .drugs .with .low .Vd, .higher .Vd, .and .highest .Vd .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Low .Vd .= .hydrophilic, .large .molecular .weight, .plasma .protein-bound .drugs .that
.remain .in .plasma .compartment
Higher .Vd .= .hydrophilic, .low .molecular .weight, .non-plasma .bound .drug,
.distributes .to .plasma .and .interstitium
Highest .Vd .= .Lipophilic, .low .molecular .weight, .non-plasma .bound .drug,
.distributes .to .plasma, .interstitium, .and .intracellular .fluid
, First .order .kinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Non-linear, .exponential .elimination .of
.drugs. .A .constant .fraction .of .drug .is .metabolized .per .unit .of .time. .Rate
.increases .concentration .increases. .Applies .to .vast .majority .of .drugs
Zero .order .kinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .constant .amount .of .drug .is
.eliminated .per .unit .time. .Elimination .is .linear, .independent .and .non-
proportional .to .drug .concentration. .All .enzymes .are .saturated, .at .max .capacity.
.Must .manufacture .additional .enzymes .for .future .metabolism.
How .must .drugs .be .metabolized .in .order .to .be .eliminated .by .the .kidney? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Lipophilic .drugs .must .be .metabolized .to .more .polar,
.hydrophilic .substances .in .the .liver
Phase .1 .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Oxidation .reactions .by .CYP450
.enzymes, .reduction .reactions, .hydrolysis .reactions
Phase .2 .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Conjugation .reactions .to .make .more
.hydrophilic .metabolites. .Key .for .tylenol .metabolism. .
NEONATES .- .deficient .in .this .conjugation .system. .Gray .Baby .Syndrome.
Steady .state .plasma .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Point .at .which .the
.amount .of .drug .administered .= .the .amount .of .drug .being .eliminated. .Plasma
.and .tissue .levels .remain .constant.
Factors .that .influence .steady .state .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-SSC .is
.directly .proportionate .to .infusion .rate. .Higher .rate, .proportionally .higher .steady
.state .plasma .concentration. .**Time .to .reach .SSC .is .the .same, .regardless .of
.rate**
SSC .is .inversely .proportionate .to .drug .clearance
Time .it .takes .to .reach .steady .state .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Determined .by .HALF .LIFE. .Approximately .4 .half .lives .to .reach .SSC.
Second .messenger .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-effector .molecules .that .are .part .of .a
.cascade, .translating .ligand .binding .to .a .cellular .response
Ligand-gated .ion .channel .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Regulate .flow .across
.membrane. .Includes .nicotinic .receptors .for .neurotransmission, .cardiac
.contraction, .muscle .contraction
G-protein .coupled .receptors .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .signal .receptor .protein .in
.the .plasma .membrane .that .responds .to .the .binding .of .a .signaling .molecule .by
.activating .a .G .protein .and .second .messengers .--> .target .molecules. .Ex. .alpha
.and .beta .receptors, .muscarinic .receptors
Enzyme-linked .receptors .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-transmembrane .proteins .where
.an .enzyme .is .an .integral .component .of .the .receptor
Questions and answers 2025
025
Pharmacokinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-What .the .body .does .to .the .drug .once
.administered
Pharmacodynamics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .actions .of .a .drug .on .the .body
Absorption .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .transfer .of .the .drug .from .the .site .of
.administration .to .the .bloodstream
Distribution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .process .by .which .the .drug .leaves .the
.blood .stream .and .enters .the .interstitial .and .then .tissue .cells
Metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .drug .is .broken .down .to .metabolites .in
.the .tissues
Elimination .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Removal .of .drug .from .the .body .via .bile, .urine
Which .drugs .passively .diffuse .across .membranes .most .easily: .Un-ionized,
.lipid-soluble .drugs .OR .ionized, .water-soluble .drugs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Un-
ionized, .lipid .soluble .drugs
What .drugs .are .easily .eliminated .via .the .kidney? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Ionized,
.water .soluble .forms .of .drug
Where .are .weakly .acidic .drugs .better .absorbed? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .the
.acidic .media .of .the .stomach .drug .will .remain .protonated .(un-ionized, .lipid
.soluble)
Where .will .weakly .basic .drugs .be .better .absorbed? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .the
.basic .media .of .the .small .intestine .the .drug .will .remain .protonated .(un-ionized)
Where .is .drug .absorption .most .efficient? .Stomach, .SI .or .LI? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .small .intestine, .as .it .has .the .largest .surface .area .and .blood .flow
,First .pass .effect .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .initial .metabolism .in .the .liver .of .a
.drug .absorbed .from .the .gastrointestinal .tract .before .the .drug .reaches .systemic
.circulation .through .the .bloodstream.
Oral .bioavailability .& .relation .to .first .pass .effect .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The
.fraction .of .an .administered .drug .that .reaches .the .systemic .circulation .after .oral
.administration. .High .first .pass .effect, .low .oral .bioavailability
Bioavailability .= .(AUC .oral ./ .AUC .injected) .x .100
SubQ .versus .IM .absorption .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-SubQ .tissue .has .less
.vascularity .than .muscle .tissue. .IM .absorption .is .faster
Rectal .administration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Avoids .liver .biotransformation. .50%
.of .drainage .from .rectal .region .bypasses .portal .circulation
Drugs .that .are .unstable .in .the .acidic .environment .of .the .stomach .and .have .0%
.bioavailability .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Insulin, .Penicillin .G
Bioequivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Two .drugs .have .comparable
.bioavailability .(similar .time .to .peak .blood .concentration)
Pharmaceutical .equivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Drugs .with .the .same .active
.ingredient, .same .dosage .form, .same .route, .identical .in .strength/concentration
Therapeutic .equivalence .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pharmaceutical .equivalents .with
.the .same .clinical .effect .and .safety .profile
Drug .distribution .depends .on... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cardiac .output
Regional .blood .flow
Capillary .permeability
Degree .of .drug .binding .to .plasma .and .tissue .proteins .(drug .that .binds .to
.albumin .may .not .distribute. .rugs .that .bind .tissue .proteins .may .have .prolonged
.effect)
Volume .of .distribution .(Vd) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hypothetical .volume .of .fluid
.into .which .the .drug .is .disseminated .- .numeric .value .based .on .liters, .patient
.independent .marker
Types .of .drugs .with .low .Vd, .higher .Vd, .and .highest .Vd .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Low .Vd .= .hydrophilic, .large .molecular .weight, .plasma .protein-bound .drugs .that
.remain .in .plasma .compartment
Higher .Vd .= .hydrophilic, .low .molecular .weight, .non-plasma .bound .drug,
.distributes .to .plasma .and .interstitium
Highest .Vd .= .Lipophilic, .low .molecular .weight, .non-plasma .bound .drug,
.distributes .to .plasma, .interstitium, .and .intracellular .fluid
, First .order .kinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Non-linear, .exponential .elimination .of
.drugs. .A .constant .fraction .of .drug .is .metabolized .per .unit .of .time. .Rate
.increases .concentration .increases. .Applies .to .vast .majority .of .drugs
Zero .order .kinetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .constant .amount .of .drug .is
.eliminated .per .unit .time. .Elimination .is .linear, .independent .and .non-
proportional .to .drug .concentration. .All .enzymes .are .saturated, .at .max .capacity.
.Must .manufacture .additional .enzymes .for .future .metabolism.
How .must .drugs .be .metabolized .in .order .to .be .eliminated .by .the .kidney? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Lipophilic .drugs .must .be .metabolized .to .more .polar,
.hydrophilic .substances .in .the .liver
Phase .1 .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Oxidation .reactions .by .CYP450
.enzymes, .reduction .reactions, .hydrolysis .reactions
Phase .2 .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Conjugation .reactions .to .make .more
.hydrophilic .metabolites. .Key .for .tylenol .metabolism. .
NEONATES .- .deficient .in .this .conjugation .system. .Gray .Baby .Syndrome.
Steady .state .plasma .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Point .at .which .the
.amount .of .drug .administered .= .the .amount .of .drug .being .eliminated. .Plasma
.and .tissue .levels .remain .constant.
Factors .that .influence .steady .state .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-SSC .is
.directly .proportionate .to .infusion .rate. .Higher .rate, .proportionally .higher .steady
.state .plasma .concentration. .**Time .to .reach .SSC .is .the .same, .regardless .of
.rate**
SSC .is .inversely .proportionate .to .drug .clearance
Time .it .takes .to .reach .steady .state .concentration .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Determined .by .HALF .LIFE. .Approximately .4 .half .lives .to .reach .SSC.
Second .messenger .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-effector .molecules .that .are .part .of .a
.cascade, .translating .ligand .binding .to .a .cellular .response
Ligand-gated .ion .channel .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Regulate .flow .across
.membrane. .Includes .nicotinic .receptors .for .neurotransmission, .cardiac
.contraction, .muscle .contraction
G-protein .coupled .receptors .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .signal .receptor .protein .in
.the .plasma .membrane .that .responds .to .the .binding .of .a .signaling .molecule .by
.activating .a .G .protein .and .second .messengers .--> .target .molecules. .Ex. .alpha
.and .beta .receptors, .muscarinic .receptors
Enzyme-linked .receptors .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-transmembrane .proteins .where
.an .enzyme .is .an .integral .component .of .the .receptor
