D278 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
analysis phase - The analysis phase defines the goals. This program obviously supports
computing some statistics. A programmer decides to support those five statistical calculations,
but not others.
design phase - The design phase defines how the program will be built. This program will
have one function per calculation.
implementation phase - Implementation involves writing the program. A programmer
writes statements that form the program.
testing phase - Testing ensures the program meets goals, in this case correctly calculating
mean, median, mode, max, and min.
waterfall - The waterfall approach executes the SDLC phases sequentially. Each phase
begins after the previous phase is done. No phase repeats.
spiral - The spiral (or agile) approach goes through the phases repeatedly, each time
adding more to the program.
Abstraction - Abstraction means to have a user interact with an item at a high-level, with
lower-level internal details hidden from the user (aka information hiding or encapsulation)
abstract data type (ADT) - An abstract data type (ADT) is a data type whose creation and
update are constrained to specific well-defined operations. A class can be used to implement an
ADT.
Universal Modeling Language (UML) - The Universal Modeling Language (UML) is a
modeling language for software design that uses different types of diagrams to visualize the
structure and behavior of programs. UML consists of several structural and behavioral diagrams
structural diagram - A structural diagram visualizes static elements of software, such as
the types of variables and functions used in the program.
behavioral diagram - A behavioral diagram visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such
as the flow of an algorithm.
activity diagram - An activity diagram is like a flowchart, describing at a high-level the
sequence of computations and it is behavioral.
use case diagram - A UML use case diagram is a behavioral diagram used to visually
model how a user interacts with a software program. Actions from users and the accompanying
, actions in software, as well as connections between different components of the software, are
illustrated in a use case diagram. Use case diagrams are often used to specify behavioral
requirements of programs.
indicate points of interaction between components.
does not contain code
does not indicates order of events.
A use case diagram shows various things a user might do. A user might enter data, compute an
absolute value, or compute a mean
class diagram - A UML class diagram is a structural diagram that can be used to visually
model the classes of a computer program, including data members and functions. A class is a
code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data members and functions that
operate on those data members.
Member variable names are followed by a colon and then the member variable type.
An arrow with a solid line and unfilled arrow head indicates that a class inherits the data
member and functions of another class.
Class diagrams refer specifically to classes in code, and are not used for high-level business use
cases.
An unfilled diamond and a line connecting two classes indicates one class has data members of
another class type.
sequence diagram - A UML sequence diagram is a behavioral diagram that shows
interaction between software components and indicates the order of events. A UML sequence
analysis phase - The analysis phase defines the goals. This program obviously supports
computing some statistics. A programmer decides to support those five statistical calculations,
but not others.
design phase - The design phase defines how the program will be built. This program will
have one function per calculation.
implementation phase - Implementation involves writing the program. A programmer
writes statements that form the program.
testing phase - Testing ensures the program meets goals, in this case correctly calculating
mean, median, mode, max, and min.
waterfall - The waterfall approach executes the SDLC phases sequentially. Each phase
begins after the previous phase is done. No phase repeats.
spiral - The spiral (or agile) approach goes through the phases repeatedly, each time
adding more to the program.
Abstraction - Abstraction means to have a user interact with an item at a high-level, with
lower-level internal details hidden from the user (aka information hiding or encapsulation)
abstract data type (ADT) - An abstract data type (ADT) is a data type whose creation and
update are constrained to specific well-defined operations. A class can be used to implement an
ADT.
Universal Modeling Language (UML) - The Universal Modeling Language (UML) is a
modeling language for software design that uses different types of diagrams to visualize the
structure and behavior of programs. UML consists of several structural and behavioral diagrams
structural diagram - A structural diagram visualizes static elements of software, such as
the types of variables and functions used in the program.
behavioral diagram - A behavioral diagram visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such
as the flow of an algorithm.
activity diagram - An activity diagram is like a flowchart, describing at a high-level the
sequence of computations and it is behavioral.
use case diagram - A UML use case diagram is a behavioral diagram used to visually
model how a user interacts with a software program. Actions from users and the accompanying
, actions in software, as well as connections between different components of the software, are
illustrated in a use case diagram. Use case diagrams are often used to specify behavioral
requirements of programs.
indicate points of interaction between components.
does not contain code
does not indicates order of events.
A use case diagram shows various things a user might do. A user might enter data, compute an
absolute value, or compute a mean
class diagram - A UML class diagram is a structural diagram that can be used to visually
model the classes of a computer program, including data members and functions. A class is a
code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data members and functions that
operate on those data members.
Member variable names are followed by a colon and then the member variable type.
An arrow with a solid line and unfilled arrow head indicates that a class inherits the data
member and functions of another class.
Class diagrams refer specifically to classes in code, and are not used for high-level business use
cases.
An unfilled diamond and a line connecting two classes indicates one class has data members of
another class type.
sequence diagram - A UML sequence diagram is a behavioral diagram that shows
interaction between software components and indicates the order of events. A UML sequence
