INST 301 Study Guide Questions with
Solutions
Types of Learning - ✅✅ Cognitive - internal, individualized
Behavioral - changes in action, external
Social - influence on environment, observing others
Learning - ✅✅ Acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience and
internalization
Learning (EE) - ✅✅ Endurance - permanent change in knowledge / behavior
Experience - not mere growth, how one acts on experience itself
Associative Learning - ✅✅ the ability to perceive relationships
Associative Learning (PPP) - ✅✅ Placement - where 2 things occur together
Proximity - how things are linked
Principle of Contiguity - how close occurrences are more likely linked
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - ✅✅ behavioral learning focusing on
involuntary physiological responses
Stimulus - ✅✅ event that activates behavior
Unconditioned - automatically produces a response
Conditioned - previously neutral till repeated pattern
Response - ✅✅ observable reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned - automotive body based response
Conditioned - learned behavior to previously natural stimulus
Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - ✅✅ voluntary behaviors can be strengthened
or weakened by...
Antecedents - events before behaviors
Behaviors - actions
Consequences - events after behaviors
, Antecedents - ✅✅ Stimulus control - ability of stimulus to encourage some
responses and discourage others
Cue - providing a stimulus to remind a certain behavior
Prompt - a reminder that follows a cue
Reinforcment - ✅✅ Continuous Reinforcement - reinforce every single action
Intermittent Reinforcement - reinforce some but not all
Variable Schedule - unpredictable
Interval Schedule - time based
Ratio Schedule - # of times based
Differential Reinforcement - ignore inappropriate behaviors while reinforcing
appropriate behaviors as early as one can
Extinction - ✅✅ gradual falling off a learned behavior
Consequences - ✅✅ 1. Reinforcers - increase likelihood of behavior happening
Positive Reinforcement - good GAIN; gold star
Negative Reinforcement - good LOSS; seatbelt
2. Punishments - decrease likelihood of behavior happening
Presentation Punishment - bad GAIN; extra assignments
Removal Punishment - bad LOSS; taking phone away
Discouraging Behavior - ✅✅ Response Cost - punishment that removes a
reinforcement; paying a fine
Time out - removal of all reinforcement
Encouraging Behavior - ✅✅ Premack Principle - a more preferred activity can
serve as a reinforcement for an activity that is less preferred
Shaping / Successive approximation - reinforcing progress instead of waiting for
perfection
Positive practice - practicing correct responses immediately after errors
Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views - ✅✅ Locus: external vs. Internal
Learned: new behaviors vs. Knowledge (informs action)
Role of reinforcement: positive application that strengthens behavior vs. Another
piece of information
IPA - ✅✅ Information Processing Approach
Equates our minds to a computer
Solutions
Types of Learning - ✅✅ Cognitive - internal, individualized
Behavioral - changes in action, external
Social - influence on environment, observing others
Learning - ✅✅ Acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience and
internalization
Learning (EE) - ✅✅ Endurance - permanent change in knowledge / behavior
Experience - not mere growth, how one acts on experience itself
Associative Learning - ✅✅ the ability to perceive relationships
Associative Learning (PPP) - ✅✅ Placement - where 2 things occur together
Proximity - how things are linked
Principle of Contiguity - how close occurrences are more likely linked
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - ✅✅ behavioral learning focusing on
involuntary physiological responses
Stimulus - ✅✅ event that activates behavior
Unconditioned - automatically produces a response
Conditioned - previously neutral till repeated pattern
Response - ✅✅ observable reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned - automotive body based response
Conditioned - learned behavior to previously natural stimulus
Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - ✅✅ voluntary behaviors can be strengthened
or weakened by...
Antecedents - events before behaviors
Behaviors - actions
Consequences - events after behaviors
, Antecedents - ✅✅ Stimulus control - ability of stimulus to encourage some
responses and discourage others
Cue - providing a stimulus to remind a certain behavior
Prompt - a reminder that follows a cue
Reinforcment - ✅✅ Continuous Reinforcement - reinforce every single action
Intermittent Reinforcement - reinforce some but not all
Variable Schedule - unpredictable
Interval Schedule - time based
Ratio Schedule - # of times based
Differential Reinforcement - ignore inappropriate behaviors while reinforcing
appropriate behaviors as early as one can
Extinction - ✅✅ gradual falling off a learned behavior
Consequences - ✅✅ 1. Reinforcers - increase likelihood of behavior happening
Positive Reinforcement - good GAIN; gold star
Negative Reinforcement - good LOSS; seatbelt
2. Punishments - decrease likelihood of behavior happening
Presentation Punishment - bad GAIN; extra assignments
Removal Punishment - bad LOSS; taking phone away
Discouraging Behavior - ✅✅ Response Cost - punishment that removes a
reinforcement; paying a fine
Time out - removal of all reinforcement
Encouraging Behavior - ✅✅ Premack Principle - a more preferred activity can
serve as a reinforcement for an activity that is less preferred
Shaping / Successive approximation - reinforcing progress instead of waiting for
perfection
Positive practice - practicing correct responses immediately after errors
Behavioral vs. Cognitive Views - ✅✅ Locus: external vs. Internal
Learned: new behaviors vs. Knowledge (informs action)
Role of reinforcement: positive application that strengthens behavior vs. Another
piece of information
IPA - ✅✅ Information Processing Approach
Equates our minds to a computer
