ASTB Aviation UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers
Newton's First Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object
in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
(unbalanced force can be gravity or friction)
Sliding/Kinetic Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -when the surface of one object slides along
the surface of another
Fluid Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -resistance on an object when it is moved through
either air (gas) or water (liquid)
ex. fish moving through water, bird flying through the air
Rolling Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -friction that occurs when an object rolls over a
surface rather than slides
Static Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -friction that acts on objects that are not moving
Newton's Second Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -when a body is acted upon by a constant
force, its resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and directly
proportional to the applied force
F=ma
F=force, m=mass in kg, a=acceleration in m/s/s
Newton's Third Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - CORRECT ANSWER - -every object in the universe
attracts every other object
,F=force, G=gravitational constant value, m1=mass of object one, m2=mass of object 2,
r^2=distance
Bernoulli's Principle - CORRECT ANSWER - -within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of
faster fluid speed will experience less pressure than points of slower fluid speed
-fast fluid speed = low pressure
-slow fluid speed = high pressure
Four Forces of Flight - CORRECT ANSWER - -weight: the force of gravity pushing the
aircraft down
-lift: the force required to raise the aircraft
-thrust: the force applied in order to move the aircraft forward
-drag: the force that slows the aircraft down in preparation for landing
Empty Weight Center of Gravity (EWCG) - CORRECT ANSWER - -passengers, baggage,
usable and unusable fuel, and cargo are within established weight and balance limits determined
pre-flight
Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -total weight of the aircraft
as it was built
Operating Empty Weight (OEW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -MEW plus the weight of the
crew, fluids, unusable fuel, and the equipment required for flight
-does not include baggage, passengers, or usable fuel
All-Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -is the
aircraft weight at any given moment during flight -the AUW / AGW decreases as fuel and fluids
are consumed
, Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -an aircrafts weight limit for
landing
-exceeding this increases stress on landing gears and may affect the distance needed for safe
landing
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -permissible weight of an
aircraft with its contents and includes unusable fuel
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -an aircrafts weight limit for
takeoff
-exceeding this limit increases the power required for takeoff, lengthens runway distance, and
places excess stress on the aircraft
Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -weight limit for an aircraft to taxi
or be towed on the ground
Flight Envelope - CORRECT ANSWER - -encompasses the limits of speed, altitude, and
angle of attack required by any aircraft to maintain a stable flight
-an incorrect combo of any of these can result in a stall (decrease in lift and reduction of
airspeed)
Angle of Attack - CORRECT ANSWER - -the angle between the direction of airflow and the
chord of a wing
Aircraft Airfoil Section (wing) - CORRECT ANSWER - -designed for maximum lift and fuel
efficiency
-curved along front, leading edge
-low pressure above, high below (Bernoullis principle)
-as air passes over the end of the wing, it changes direction and causes downwash
and CORRECT Answers
Newton's First Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object
in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
(unbalanced force can be gravity or friction)
Sliding/Kinetic Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -when the surface of one object slides along
the surface of another
Fluid Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -resistance on an object when it is moved through
either air (gas) or water (liquid)
ex. fish moving through water, bird flying through the air
Rolling Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -friction that occurs when an object rolls over a
surface rather than slides
Static Friction - CORRECT ANSWER - -friction that acts on objects that are not moving
Newton's Second Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -when a body is acted upon by a constant
force, its resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and directly
proportional to the applied force
F=ma
F=force, m=mass in kg, a=acceleration in m/s/s
Newton's Third Law - CORRECT ANSWER - -for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - CORRECT ANSWER - -every object in the universe
attracts every other object
,F=force, G=gravitational constant value, m1=mass of object one, m2=mass of object 2,
r^2=distance
Bernoulli's Principle - CORRECT ANSWER - -within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of
faster fluid speed will experience less pressure than points of slower fluid speed
-fast fluid speed = low pressure
-slow fluid speed = high pressure
Four Forces of Flight - CORRECT ANSWER - -weight: the force of gravity pushing the
aircraft down
-lift: the force required to raise the aircraft
-thrust: the force applied in order to move the aircraft forward
-drag: the force that slows the aircraft down in preparation for landing
Empty Weight Center of Gravity (EWCG) - CORRECT ANSWER - -passengers, baggage,
usable and unusable fuel, and cargo are within established weight and balance limits determined
pre-flight
Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -total weight of the aircraft
as it was built
Operating Empty Weight (OEW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -MEW plus the weight of the
crew, fluids, unusable fuel, and the equipment required for flight
-does not include baggage, passengers, or usable fuel
All-Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -is the
aircraft weight at any given moment during flight -the AUW / AGW decreases as fuel and fluids
are consumed
, Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -an aircrafts weight limit for
landing
-exceeding this increases stress on landing gears and may affect the distance needed for safe
landing
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -permissible weight of an
aircraft with its contents and includes unusable fuel
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -an aircrafts weight limit for
takeoff
-exceeding this limit increases the power required for takeoff, lengthens runway distance, and
places excess stress on the aircraft
Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) - CORRECT ANSWER - -weight limit for an aircraft to taxi
or be towed on the ground
Flight Envelope - CORRECT ANSWER - -encompasses the limits of speed, altitude, and
angle of attack required by any aircraft to maintain a stable flight
-an incorrect combo of any of these can result in a stall (decrease in lift and reduction of
airspeed)
Angle of Attack - CORRECT ANSWER - -the angle between the direction of airflow and the
chord of a wing
Aircraft Airfoil Section (wing) - CORRECT ANSWER - -designed for maximum lift and fuel
efficiency
-curved along front, leading edge
-low pressure above, high below (Bernoullis principle)
-as air passes over the end of the wing, it changes direction and causes downwash
