Examl 3:l NSG124/l NSGl 124l (Latestl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Pharmacologyl Guide|l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Herzing
Q:l calciuml channell blockersl actl selectivelyl on
Answer:
peripherall arterioles,l arteriesl andl arteriolesl ofl thel heart
Q:l calciuml channell blockersl names
Answer:
amlodipine
nifedipine
verapamil
diltiazem
Q:l verapamill (CCB)l mech.l ofl action
Answer:
blocksl calciuml channelsl inl bloodl vesselsl andl inl thel heart
Q:l verapamill (CCB)l TU:
Answer:
anginal pectoris
hypertension
cardiacl dysrhythmias
Q:l verapamill adversel effects
,Answer:
diarrhea
bradycardial andl otherl exacerbationl ofl cardiacl dysfunctionsl forl highl riskl CVl patients
elderlyl pronel tol chronicl eczematousl eruptions
edemal ofl thel anklesl andl feetl secondaryl tol vasodilation
Q:l verapamill drugl interactions
Answer:
digoxinl (riskl ofl AVl blockl increases)
betal blockersl (excessivel cardiacl suppression
grapefruitl juicel (increasesl levelsl ofl drugs)
Q:l verapamill contraindicated
Answer:
patientsl withl severel hypotension
sickl sinusl syndromel (inl thel absencel ofl electronicl pacing)
l second-degreel orl third-degreel AVl block
Q:l verapamill caution
Answer:
heartl failurel
liverl impairment
patientsl takingl digoxinl orl betal blockers.
Q:l nifedipinel mech.l ofl actionl andl contrastl tol verapamil
Answer:
blocksl calciuml channelsl inl vascularl smoothl musclel andl therebyl promotesl vasodilation.l
However,l inl contrastl tol verapamil,l nifedipinel producesl veryl littlel blockadel ofl calciuml
channelsl inl thel heart.l Asl al result,l nifedipinel cannotl bel usedl tol treatl dysrhythmias,l doesl
notl causel cardiacl suppression,l andl isl lessl likelyl thanl verapamill tol exacerbatel pre-
existingl cardiacl disorders
,Q:l verapamill ongoing
Answer:
Teachl outpatientsl tol chartl thel time,l intensity,l andl circumstancesl ofl theirl anginall attacksl
andl tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl attacksl increase.
Teachl patientsl tol self-monitorl theirl bloodl pressurel andl tol maintainl al bloodl pressurel
record.
Informl patientsl aboutl manifestationsl ofl cardiacl effectsl (e.g.,l slowl heartbeat,l shortnessl ofl
breath,l weightl gain)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur.
Informl patientsl aboutl signsl ofl edemal (swellingl inl anklesl orl feet),l andl instructl theml tol
notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur
Advisel patientsl thatl constipationl canl bel minimizedl byl increasingl dietaryl fluidl andl fiber.
Q:l verapamill minimizingl adversel interactions
Answer:
Monitorl forl indicationsl ofl impairedl AVl conduction
Monitorl closelyl forl cardiacl suppression.
Q:l vasodilatorl TU:
Answer:
hypertension
hypertensivel crisis
anginal pectoris
heartl failure
MI
Q:l vasodilatorsl adversel effectsl regardingl vasodilation
Answer:
Becausel ofl venousl relaxation,l gravityl causesl bloodl tol "pool"l inl veins,l therebyl
decreasingl venousl returnl tol thel heart.l Reducedl venousl returnl causesl al decreasel inl
cardiacl outputl andl al correspondingl decreasel inl bloodl pressure.
increasedl riskl forl falls
reflexl tachycardia
, Q:l nitroprussidel (vasodilator)l TU:
Answer:
lowersl BPl rapidlyl inl hypertensivel emergencies
Q:l nitroprussidel (vasodilator)l adversel effects
Answer:
•Headache
•Nausea,l vomiting
•Sweating
•Hypotensionl (ifl rapidlyl administered)
•Cyanidel buildupl isl mostl likelyl inl patientsl withl liverl disease
Avoid:
Prolongedl infusionl canl producel toxicl accumulationl ofl thiocyanatel andl shouldl bel
avoided.
Q:l vasodilatorsl threel primaryl adversel effects
Answer:
posturall hypotension
reflexl tachycardia
expansionl ofl bloodl volume
Q:l Withl heartl failure,
Answer:
thel heartl isl notl pumpingl effectivelyl usuallyl duel tol weakenedl musclel sol ifl wel slowl
heartl ratel down,l itl canl betterl contractl =betterl bloodl flowl (digoxin)
Q:l digoxinl mech.l ofl action
Answer:
Digoxinl increasesl myocardiall contractilityl byl inhibitingl anl enzymel knownl asl sodium,l
potassium-ATPasel (Na+/K+-ATPase).l Byl wayl ofl inhibitionl ofl Na+/K+-ATPasel promotesl
calciuml accumulationl withinl myocytes.l Thel calciuml thenl augmentsl contractilel forcel byl
facilitatingl thel interactionl ofl myocardiall contractilel proteins:l actinl andl myosin.
2026l Update)l Pharmacologyl Guide|l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Herzing
Q:l calciuml channell blockersl actl selectivelyl on
Answer:
peripherall arterioles,l arteriesl andl arteriolesl ofl thel heart
Q:l calciuml channell blockersl names
Answer:
amlodipine
nifedipine
verapamil
diltiazem
Q:l verapamill (CCB)l mech.l ofl action
Answer:
blocksl calciuml channelsl inl bloodl vesselsl andl inl thel heart
Q:l verapamill (CCB)l TU:
Answer:
anginal pectoris
hypertension
cardiacl dysrhythmias
Q:l verapamill adversel effects
,Answer:
diarrhea
bradycardial andl otherl exacerbationl ofl cardiacl dysfunctionsl forl highl riskl CVl patients
elderlyl pronel tol chronicl eczematousl eruptions
edemal ofl thel anklesl andl feetl secondaryl tol vasodilation
Q:l verapamill drugl interactions
Answer:
digoxinl (riskl ofl AVl blockl increases)
betal blockersl (excessivel cardiacl suppression
grapefruitl juicel (increasesl levelsl ofl drugs)
Q:l verapamill contraindicated
Answer:
patientsl withl severel hypotension
sickl sinusl syndromel (inl thel absencel ofl electronicl pacing)
l second-degreel orl third-degreel AVl block
Q:l verapamill caution
Answer:
heartl failurel
liverl impairment
patientsl takingl digoxinl orl betal blockers.
Q:l nifedipinel mech.l ofl actionl andl contrastl tol verapamil
Answer:
blocksl calciuml channelsl inl vascularl smoothl musclel andl therebyl promotesl vasodilation.l
However,l inl contrastl tol verapamil,l nifedipinel producesl veryl littlel blockadel ofl calciuml
channelsl inl thel heart.l Asl al result,l nifedipinel cannotl bel usedl tol treatl dysrhythmias,l doesl
notl causel cardiacl suppression,l andl isl lessl likelyl thanl verapamill tol exacerbatel pre-
existingl cardiacl disorders
,Q:l verapamill ongoing
Answer:
Teachl outpatientsl tol chartl thel time,l intensity,l andl circumstancesl ofl theirl anginall attacksl
andl tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl attacksl increase.
Teachl patientsl tol self-monitorl theirl bloodl pressurel andl tol maintainl al bloodl pressurel
record.
Informl patientsl aboutl manifestationsl ofl cardiacl effectsl (e.g.,l slowl heartbeat,l shortnessl ofl
breath,l weightl gain)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur.
Informl patientsl aboutl signsl ofl edemal (swellingl inl anklesl orl feet),l andl instructl theml tol
notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur
Advisel patientsl thatl constipationl canl bel minimizedl byl increasingl dietaryl fluidl andl fiber.
Q:l verapamill minimizingl adversel interactions
Answer:
Monitorl forl indicationsl ofl impairedl AVl conduction
Monitorl closelyl forl cardiacl suppression.
Q:l vasodilatorl TU:
Answer:
hypertension
hypertensivel crisis
anginal pectoris
heartl failure
MI
Q:l vasodilatorsl adversel effectsl regardingl vasodilation
Answer:
Becausel ofl venousl relaxation,l gravityl causesl bloodl tol "pool"l inl veins,l therebyl
decreasingl venousl returnl tol thel heart.l Reducedl venousl returnl causesl al decreasel inl
cardiacl outputl andl al correspondingl decreasel inl bloodl pressure.
increasedl riskl forl falls
reflexl tachycardia
, Q:l nitroprussidel (vasodilator)l TU:
Answer:
lowersl BPl rapidlyl inl hypertensivel emergencies
Q:l nitroprussidel (vasodilator)l adversel effects
Answer:
•Headache
•Nausea,l vomiting
•Sweating
•Hypotensionl (ifl rapidlyl administered)
•Cyanidel buildupl isl mostl likelyl inl patientsl withl liverl disease
Avoid:
Prolongedl infusionl canl producel toxicl accumulationl ofl thiocyanatel andl shouldl bel
avoided.
Q:l vasodilatorsl threel primaryl adversel effects
Answer:
posturall hypotension
reflexl tachycardia
expansionl ofl bloodl volume
Q:l Withl heartl failure,
Answer:
thel heartl isl notl pumpingl effectivelyl usuallyl duel tol weakenedl musclel sol ifl wel slowl
heartl ratel down,l itl canl betterl contractl =betterl bloodl flowl (digoxin)
Q:l digoxinl mech.l ofl action
Answer:
Digoxinl increasesl myocardiall contractilityl byl inhibitingl anl enzymel knownl asl sodium,l
potassium-ATPasel (Na+/K+-ATPase).l Byl wayl ofl inhibitionl ofl Na+/K+-ATPasel promotesl
calciuml accumulationl withinl myocytes.l Thel calciuml thenl augmentsl contractilel forcel byl
facilitatingl thel interactionl ofl myocardiall contractilel proteins:l actinl andl myosin.
