Finall Exam:l NSG124/l NSGl 124l (Latestl
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pharmacologyl Gude|l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Herzing
Q:l Bethanechol
Muscarinicl Antagonistsl (Anticholinergicl Drugs)
Answer:
Therapeuticl goal:l Treatmentl ofl nonobstructivel urinaryl retention.
MOA:l al muscarinicl cholinergicl agonistl thatl stimulatesl AChl receptorsl onl GIl smoothl
muscles.
Sidel effects:l Headache,l Nausea,l Abdominall pain,l Belching,l Urinaryl urgency,l
Hypotension,l Malaise,l Sweating,l bradycardia,l Fatigue,l Dizziness,l salvation.
Q:l Nursingl considerationl andl patientl educationl forl Bethanechol
Answer:
-l Advisel patientsl tol takel bethanecholl 1l hourl beforel mealsl orl 2l hoursl afterl tol reducel
gastricl upset.
-l contraindicatedl forl patientsl withl pepticl ulcerl disease,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l
intestinall obstruction,l coronaryl insufficiency,l hypotension,l asthma,l andl hyperthyroidism
-l Advisel patientsl tol moistenl thel mouthl byl sippingl waterl beforel orall administration.
-l Teachl patientsl thatl xerostomial canl bel relievedl byl sippingl fluids,l chewingl sugar-freel
gum,l treatingl thel mouthl withl al salival substitute,l andl usingl anl alcohol-freel mouthwash.l
Owingl tol increasedl riskl ofl toothl decay,l advisel patientsl tol avoidl sugaredl gum,l hardl
candy,l andl coughl drops.
-l Warnl patientsl tol avoidl hazardousl activitiesl ifl visionl isl impaired.l (Photophobia)
,-l Advisel patientsl thatl constipationl canl bel reducedl byl increasingl dietaryl fiberl andl fluidsl
andl treatedl withl al laxativel ifl severe.
Q:l Baclofenl (Lioresal)l isl usedl for:
Answer:
musclel spasticity,l decreasel musclel spasms
Q:l ____________l actsl onl thel spinall cordl nervesl andl decreasesl thel numberl andl
severityl ofl musclel spasmsl causedl byl multiplel sclerosisl orl spinall cordl conditions.
Answer:
Baclofen
Q:l Adversel effectsl ofl Baclofen
Answer:
Transientl drowsiness,l dizziness,l weakness,l fatigue,l constipation,l headache,l insomnia,l
hypotension,l nausea,l urinaryl frequency.
Q:l _________l usedl tol treatl Parkison'sl disease.l MAOl (1)l dopaminergicl agentsl (i.e.,l
drugsl thatl directlyl orl indirectlyl activatel dopaminel receptors);l andl (2)l anticholinergicl
agentsl (i.e.,l drugsl thatl blockl receptorsl forl acetylcholine).
Answer:
Benztropinel (centrall muscarinicl antagonist)
,Q:l Signsl ofl Parkinson'sl disease
Answer:
Cardinall symptomsl arel tremor,l rigidity,l posturall instability,l andl slowedl movement.l
Patientsl alsol experiencel nonmotorl symptoms,l especiallyl autonomicl disturbances,l sleepl
disturbances,l depression,l psychosis,l andl dementia.
Q:l Whatl medsl shouldl bel avoidedl withl Benztropine?
Answer:
MAOIs
Q:l Levodopa/Carbidopal use
Answer:
Parkinson'sl disease,l won'tl curel justl helpsl improvel ADLs
Q:l Sidel effectsl ofl Benztropine
Answer:
dryl mouth;l constipation;l weakness;l tardivel dyskinesia
Q:l Nursingl consideration/Patientl teachingl forl Levodopa
Answer:
-l Informl patientsl aboutl possiblel levodopa-inducedl movementl disordersl (tremor,l dystonicl
movements,l twitching)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel develop.
, -l Informl patientsl aboutl signsl ofl excessivel cardiacl stimulationl (palpitations,l tachycardia,l
irregularl heartbeat)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur.
-l Informl patientsl thatl levodopal mayl bel takenl withl foodl tol reducel nauseal andl vomiting.l
However,l high-proteinl mealsl shouldl bel avoided.
-l Assessl motorl symptoms—bradykinesia,l akinesia,l posturall instability,l tremor,l rigidity—
andl thel extentl tol whichl theyl interferel withl activitiesl ofl dailyl livingl (e.g.,l abilityl tol
work,l dress,l bathe,l walk).
Q:l Buspironel (Buspar)
Answer:
Therapeuticl use:l Usedl tol treatl anxiety.
MAO:l Thel drugl bindsl withl highl affinityl tol receptorsl forl serotoninl andl withl lowerl
affinityl tol receptorsl forl dopamine.
Sidel effects:l Headache,l nervousness,l dizziness,l nausea
Q:l Buspironel shouldl notl bel takenl with:
Answer:
-Seizurel medications
-l Antidepressants
-Certainl heartl medications
-l Rifampin
-l Dexamethasone
-Ritonavir
Q:l Captoprill (acel inhibitor)
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pharmacologyl Gude|l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Herzing
Q:l Bethanechol
Muscarinicl Antagonistsl (Anticholinergicl Drugs)
Answer:
Therapeuticl goal:l Treatmentl ofl nonobstructivel urinaryl retention.
MOA:l al muscarinicl cholinergicl agonistl thatl stimulatesl AChl receptorsl onl GIl smoothl
muscles.
Sidel effects:l Headache,l Nausea,l Abdominall pain,l Belching,l Urinaryl urgency,l
Hypotension,l Malaise,l Sweating,l bradycardia,l Fatigue,l Dizziness,l salvation.
Q:l Nursingl considerationl andl patientl educationl forl Bethanechol
Answer:
-l Advisel patientsl tol takel bethanecholl 1l hourl beforel mealsl orl 2l hoursl afterl tol reducel
gastricl upset.
-l contraindicatedl forl patientsl withl pepticl ulcerl disease,l urinaryl tractl obstruction,l
intestinall obstruction,l coronaryl insufficiency,l hypotension,l asthma,l andl hyperthyroidism
-l Advisel patientsl tol moistenl thel mouthl byl sippingl waterl beforel orall administration.
-l Teachl patientsl thatl xerostomial canl bel relievedl byl sippingl fluids,l chewingl sugar-freel
gum,l treatingl thel mouthl withl al salival substitute,l andl usingl anl alcohol-freel mouthwash.l
Owingl tol increasedl riskl ofl toothl decay,l advisel patientsl tol avoidl sugaredl gum,l hardl
candy,l andl coughl drops.
-l Warnl patientsl tol avoidl hazardousl activitiesl ifl visionl isl impaired.l (Photophobia)
,-l Advisel patientsl thatl constipationl canl bel reducedl byl increasingl dietaryl fiberl andl fluidsl
andl treatedl withl al laxativel ifl severe.
Q:l Baclofenl (Lioresal)l isl usedl for:
Answer:
musclel spasticity,l decreasel musclel spasms
Q:l ____________l actsl onl thel spinall cordl nervesl andl decreasesl thel numberl andl
severityl ofl musclel spasmsl causedl byl multiplel sclerosisl orl spinall cordl conditions.
Answer:
Baclofen
Q:l Adversel effectsl ofl Baclofen
Answer:
Transientl drowsiness,l dizziness,l weakness,l fatigue,l constipation,l headache,l insomnia,l
hypotension,l nausea,l urinaryl frequency.
Q:l _________l usedl tol treatl Parkison'sl disease.l MAOl (1)l dopaminergicl agentsl (i.e.,l
drugsl thatl directlyl orl indirectlyl activatel dopaminel receptors);l andl (2)l anticholinergicl
agentsl (i.e.,l drugsl thatl blockl receptorsl forl acetylcholine).
Answer:
Benztropinel (centrall muscarinicl antagonist)
,Q:l Signsl ofl Parkinson'sl disease
Answer:
Cardinall symptomsl arel tremor,l rigidity,l posturall instability,l andl slowedl movement.l
Patientsl alsol experiencel nonmotorl symptoms,l especiallyl autonomicl disturbances,l sleepl
disturbances,l depression,l psychosis,l andl dementia.
Q:l Whatl medsl shouldl bel avoidedl withl Benztropine?
Answer:
MAOIs
Q:l Levodopa/Carbidopal use
Answer:
Parkinson'sl disease,l won'tl curel justl helpsl improvel ADLs
Q:l Sidel effectsl ofl Benztropine
Answer:
dryl mouth;l constipation;l weakness;l tardivel dyskinesia
Q:l Nursingl consideration/Patientl teachingl forl Levodopa
Answer:
-l Informl patientsl aboutl possiblel levodopa-inducedl movementl disordersl (tremor,l dystonicl
movements,l twitching)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel develop.
, -l Informl patientsl aboutl signsl ofl excessivel cardiacl stimulationl (palpitations,l tachycardia,l
irregularl heartbeat)l andl instructl theml tol notifyl thel prescriberl ifl thesel occur.
-l Informl patientsl thatl levodopal mayl bel takenl withl foodl tol reducel nauseal andl vomiting.l
However,l high-proteinl mealsl shouldl bel avoided.
-l Assessl motorl symptoms—bradykinesia,l akinesia,l posturall instability,l tremor,l rigidity—
andl thel extentl tol whichl theyl interferel withl activitiesl ofl dailyl livingl (e.g.,l abilityl tol
work,l dress,l bathe,l walk).
Q:l Buspironel (Buspar)
Answer:
Therapeuticl use:l Usedl tol treatl anxiety.
MAO:l Thel drugl bindsl withl highl affinityl tol receptorsl forl serotoninl andl withl lowerl
affinityl tol receptorsl forl dopamine.
Sidel effects:l Headache,l nervousness,l dizziness,l nausea
Q:l Buspironel shouldl notl bel takenl with:
Answer:
-Seizurel medications
-l Antidepressants
-Certainl heartl medications
-l Rifampin
-l Dexamethasone
-Ritonavir
Q:l Captoprill (acel inhibitor)
