TEST BANK NURSING INFORMATICS AND THE FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE 4TH Cognitive Level: Understanding
EDITION MCGONIGLE Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Chapter 1 Nursing Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome:
The nurse understands that nursing informatics is recognized as a specialty area of practice by
which statement? Question 2
Type: MCSA
1. Research priorities for nursing informatics include the development of a standard nursing
language and the development of databases for clinical information. Which statement by the nurse verifies that the nurse is "information literate"?
2. A formal educational program at the master's level must be completed before a nurse is 1. "I understand how to search for a website and evaluate its usefulness for health care needs."
eligible to sit for the credentialing examination.
2. "I utilize databases in the health care setting to input client information such as skin
3. As a differentiated practice, nursing informatics is focused upon the client, the environment, condition."
health, and the nurse.
3. "I use email over the Internet to correspond with clients and provide information."
4. There is a need for nursing informatics interests to gain representation by work groups and
organizations within the United States. 4. "I can use software applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations."
Correct Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: The development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Rationale 1: Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the ability to find, evaluate, and
Although degrees at the master's level are available, the degree required for credentialing is effectively use information. The other answers are examples of computer literacy but do not have
typically at the bachelor's level and includes experience in the field. Current demands for safer, the higher functions of information literacy.
cost-effective, quality care require evidence of the best practices supported by research.
Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of computer literacy, but it does not have the
Rationale 2: Such a formal educational program does not necessarily mean a specialty area of higher functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the
practice. Although degrees at the master's level are available, the degree required for ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
credentialing is typically at the bachelor's level and includes experience in the field. The
development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of computer literacy but, it does not have the
higher functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the
Rationale 3: Your chosen response refers to the entire discipline of nursing. The specialty of ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
nursing informatics integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to
manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom into nursing practice. The Rationale 4: This answer is an example of computer literacy but, it does not have the higher
development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the ability to
find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
Rationale 4: There are many work groups in the United States related to informatics that focus
on the specialty of informatics practice. One example is the Nursing Informatics Special Interest Global Rationale:
Group of the International Medical Informatics Association. The development of research
priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Global Rationale:
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
Learning Outcome:
, Which statement best distinguishes the difference between information literacy and computer
Question 3 literacy?
Type: MCSA
1. Information literacy is unnecessary in health care whereas computer literacy provides the basis
The nurse gathers much data when caring for clients. Which is an example of the higher-level for computer order entry.
"information" useful in caring for clients?
2. Information literacy is the foundation of the EHR whereas computer literacy helps the nurse to
1. The vital signs are BP of 130/70, HR of 88, RR of 24, temperature of 98.8 degrees F., and access data.
oxygen saturation of 98%.
3. A nurse can extrapolate data with computer literacy and not information skills.
2. Lab work results include an electrolyte panel and complete blood count with differential.
4. Information literacy forms the basis for ongoing learning whereas computer literacy refers to a
3. The client is a widowed 64-year-old black male admitted with prostatitis. familiarity with the use of personal computers.
4. After receiving Rocephin (ceftriaxone sodium) 1.0 gram IV yesterday, the client reported Correct Answer: 4
feeling better today.
Rationale 1: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
Correct Answer: 4 personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
Rationale 1: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into
information. Rationale 2: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
information.
Rationale 3: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
information. schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
Rationale 4: "Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure clinical data into Rationale 4: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
information. It can then be used to aid clinical decision making and client monitoring. All other personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
responses included pieces of data without interpretation. databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
Global Rationale:
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need Sub: Management of Care Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Learning Outcome: Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome:
Question 4
Question 5
Type: MCSA
,ype: MCSA 2. Evidence-based practice is supported with technology that enables the health care provider to
utilize up-to-date research findings.
Which statement indicates the appropriate level of informatics competencies to the correct nurse?
3. Medication errors and adverse events may be reduced with the implementation of
1. A nurse informatics specialist extrapolates data to develop best practice model for indwelling computerized physician order entry (CPOE).
catheter care.
4. Managed care may utilize disease management to identify clients with chronic conditions, and
2. The novice nurse using a spreadsheet to document medication reactions. treat them effectively to minimize complications and cost.
3. An experienced staff nurse creates databases employing SNOMED. Correct Answer: 1
4. A beginning nurse utilizes the Internet to integrate multidisciplinary languages. Rationale 1: Although the nursing shortage may not be eliminated with information technology,
the probability that errors may be reduced with the implementation of technology that enables
Correct Answer: 1 the health care provider to double check medication administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 1: The nurse informatics specialist has the ability and education to access data and Rationale 2: Although the nursing shortage may not be eliminated with information technology,
create a model of excellence based on the findings. the probability that errors may be reduced with the implementation of technology that enables
the health care provider to double check medication administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 2: According to research, nurses are graduating from programs without experience
with databases, spreadsheets, and statistical packages. There is a learning curve from graduation Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of a statement that is indeed accurate. The one
to comfort with the information system and its capabilities. statement that is not accurate is the one about eliminating the current and projected nursing
shortage by instituting technology enhancements. Although the nursing shortage may not be
Rationale 3: An experienced staff nurse does not have the skills to create a database using a eliminated with information technology, the probability that errors may be reduced with the
standardized language. implementation of technology that enables the health care provider to double check medication
administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 4: Beginning nurses are comfortable with basic skills and should be able to retrieve
information from the system, as well as interpret data. Your chosen response is not an example Rationale 4: Your chosen response is an example of a statement that is indeed accurate. The one
of the competencies required for the informatics specialist; its level is too high. statement that is not accurate is the one about eliminating the current and projected nursing
shortage by instituting technology enhancements. Although the nursing shortage may not be
Global Rationale: eliminated with information technology, the probability that errors may be reduced with the
implementation of technology that enables the health care provider to double check medication
Cognitive Level: Understanding administration may help with client safety.
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care Global Rationale:
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Learning Outcome:
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Question 6
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Type: MCSA
Learning Outcome:
Which statement regarding pressures that drive the health care delivery system today is not
Question 7
accurate?
Type: MCSA
1. The current and projected nursing shortage may be eliminated by instituting technology
enhancements in the acute care setting.
, Describe at least three factors in the current healthcare delivery system that drive the 1. The nurse auscultates hypoactive bowel sounds while doing a client assessment eight hours
implementation of information technology in the acute care setting. postoperatively after abdominal surgery and documents the assessment in the electronic medical
record.
1. Patient safety
2. The nurse administers four units of regular insulin to the client whose blood glucose is 240 at
2. Nursing shortage 11:30 a.m. per physician's sliding scale orders and documents it on the electronic medical
administration record.
3. Evidence-based practice
3. The nurse auscultates diminished breath sounds in a postoperative client the morning after
4. Increased numbers of digital natives in nursing practice abdominal surgery and encourages the client to turn, cough, and deep breathe every hour instead
of every two hours.
Correct Answer: 4
4. The nurse obtains the client's vital signs of BP-120/82, P-112, and R-32, totals up the intake of
Rationale 1: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all 1040 ml and the output of 1100 ml, and records these data in the electronic medical record.
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute
care setting. Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 2: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all Rationale 1: Your chosen response is an example of gathering assessment data and recording
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute same in the EMR. The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
care setting. information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
time. In the auscultation with diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to
Rationale 3: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all the knowledge that the client may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute client turn, cough, and deep breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two
care setting. hours.
Rationale 4: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of following physician orders. The nurse as
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into information that can then be used to
care setting. Digital natives may be more comfortable with technology, but they are not the aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over time. In the auscultation with
driving force toward change. diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to the knowledge that the client
may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the client turn, cough, and deep
Global Rationale: breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two hours.
Rationale 3: The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
Cognitive Level: Understanding
information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
time. In this case, the nurse auscultated diminished breath sounds in a postoperative client the
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
morning after abdominal surgery. The nurse compared the data to the knowledge that the client
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the client turn, cough, and deep
Learning Outcome: breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two hours.
Question 8 Rationale 4: Your chosen response is an example of gathering assessment data and recording
Type: MCSA same in the EMR. The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
Which action indicates the nurse is functioning as a knowledge worker? time. In the auscultation with diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to
the knowledge that the client may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the
client turn, cough, and deep breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two
hours.
EDITION MCGONIGLE Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Chapter 1 Nursing Science and the Foundation of Knowledge Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome:
The nurse understands that nursing informatics is recognized as a specialty area of practice by
which statement? Question 2
Type: MCSA
1. Research priorities for nursing informatics include the development of a standard nursing
language and the development of databases for clinical information. Which statement by the nurse verifies that the nurse is "information literate"?
2. A formal educational program at the master's level must be completed before a nurse is 1. "I understand how to search for a website and evaluate its usefulness for health care needs."
eligible to sit for the credentialing examination.
2. "I utilize databases in the health care setting to input client information such as skin
3. As a differentiated practice, nursing informatics is focused upon the client, the environment, condition."
health, and the nurse.
3. "I use email over the Internet to correspond with clients and provide information."
4. There is a need for nursing informatics interests to gain representation by work groups and
organizations within the United States. 4. "I can use software applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations."
Correct Answer: 1 Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: The development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Rationale 1: Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the ability to find, evaluate, and
Although degrees at the master's level are available, the degree required for credentialing is effectively use information. The other answers are examples of computer literacy but do not have
typically at the bachelor's level and includes experience in the field. Current demands for safer, the higher functions of information literacy.
cost-effective, quality care require evidence of the best practices supported by research.
Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of computer literacy, but it does not have the
Rationale 2: Such a formal educational program does not necessarily mean a specialty area of higher functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the
practice. Although degrees at the master's level are available, the degree required for ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
credentialing is typically at the bachelor's level and includes experience in the field. The
development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of computer literacy but, it does not have the
higher functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the
Rationale 3: Your chosen response refers to the entire discipline of nursing. The specialty of ability to find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
nursing informatics integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to
manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom into nursing practice. The Rationale 4: This answer is an example of computer literacy but, it does not have the higher
development of research priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. functions of information literacy. Information literacy necessitates that nurses have the ability to
find, evaluate, and effectively use information.
Rationale 4: There are many work groups in the United States related to informatics that focus
on the specialty of informatics practice. One example is the Nursing Informatics Special Interest Global Rationale:
Group of the International Medical Informatics Association. The development of research
priorities is a key point in a specialty practice. Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Global Rationale:
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Planning
Learning Outcome:
, Which statement best distinguishes the difference between information literacy and computer
Question 3 literacy?
Type: MCSA
1. Information literacy is unnecessary in health care whereas computer literacy provides the basis
The nurse gathers much data when caring for clients. Which is an example of the higher-level for computer order entry.
"information" useful in caring for clients?
2. Information literacy is the foundation of the EHR whereas computer literacy helps the nurse to
1. The vital signs are BP of 130/70, HR of 88, RR of 24, temperature of 98.8 degrees F., and access data.
oxygen saturation of 98%.
3. A nurse can extrapolate data with computer literacy and not information skills.
2. Lab work results include an electrolyte panel and complete blood count with differential.
4. Information literacy forms the basis for ongoing learning whereas computer literacy refers to a
3. The client is a widowed 64-year-old black male admitted with prostatitis. familiarity with the use of personal computers.
4. After receiving Rocephin (ceftriaxone sodium) 1.0 gram IV yesterday, the client reported Correct Answer: 4
feeling better today.
Rationale 1: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
Correct Answer: 4 personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
Rationale 1: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into
information. Rationale 2: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
information.
Rationale 3: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of having pieces of data without interpretation. personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
"Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure the results of clinical data into databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
information. schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
Rationale 4: "Information" necessitates that the nurse interpret and structure clinical data into Rationale 4: Computer literacy is a popular term used to refer to a familiarity with the use of
information. It can then be used to aid clinical decision making and client monitoring. All other personal computers, including the use of software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets,
responses included pieces of data without interpretation. databases, presentation graphics, and e-mail. The majority of students admitted to nursing
schools now enter with some level of computer literacy.
Global Rationale:
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need Sub: Management of Care Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Learning Outcome: Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Learning Outcome:
Question 4
Question 5
Type: MCSA
,ype: MCSA 2. Evidence-based practice is supported with technology that enables the health care provider to
utilize up-to-date research findings.
Which statement indicates the appropriate level of informatics competencies to the correct nurse?
3. Medication errors and adverse events may be reduced with the implementation of
1. A nurse informatics specialist extrapolates data to develop best practice model for indwelling computerized physician order entry (CPOE).
catheter care.
4. Managed care may utilize disease management to identify clients with chronic conditions, and
2. The novice nurse using a spreadsheet to document medication reactions. treat them effectively to minimize complications and cost.
3. An experienced staff nurse creates databases employing SNOMED. Correct Answer: 1
4. A beginning nurse utilizes the Internet to integrate multidisciplinary languages. Rationale 1: Although the nursing shortage may not be eliminated with information technology,
the probability that errors may be reduced with the implementation of technology that enables
Correct Answer: 1 the health care provider to double check medication administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 1: The nurse informatics specialist has the ability and education to access data and Rationale 2: Although the nursing shortage may not be eliminated with information technology,
create a model of excellence based on the findings. the probability that errors may be reduced with the implementation of technology that enables
the health care provider to double check medication administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 2: According to research, nurses are graduating from programs without experience
with databases, spreadsheets, and statistical packages. There is a learning curve from graduation Rationale 3: Your chosen response is an example of a statement that is indeed accurate. The one
to comfort with the information system and its capabilities. statement that is not accurate is the one about eliminating the current and projected nursing
shortage by instituting technology enhancements. Although the nursing shortage may not be
Rationale 3: An experienced staff nurse does not have the skills to create a database using a eliminated with information technology, the probability that errors may be reduced with the
standardized language. implementation of technology that enables the health care provider to double check medication
administration may help with client safety.
Rationale 4: Beginning nurses are comfortable with basic skills and should be able to retrieve
information from the system, as well as interpret data. Your chosen response is not an example Rationale 4: Your chosen response is an example of a statement that is indeed accurate. The one
of the competencies required for the informatics specialist; its level is too high. statement that is not accurate is the one about eliminating the current and projected nursing
shortage by instituting technology enhancements. Although the nursing shortage may not be
Global Rationale: eliminated with information technology, the probability that errors may be reduced with the
implementation of technology that enables the health care provider to double check medication
Cognitive Level: Understanding administration may help with client safety.
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care Global Rationale:
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Learning Outcome:
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
Question 6
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Assessment
Type: MCSA
Learning Outcome:
Which statement regarding pressures that drive the health care delivery system today is not
Question 7
accurate?
Type: MCSA
1. The current and projected nursing shortage may be eliminated by instituting technology
enhancements in the acute care setting.
, Describe at least three factors in the current healthcare delivery system that drive the 1. The nurse auscultates hypoactive bowel sounds while doing a client assessment eight hours
implementation of information technology in the acute care setting. postoperatively after abdominal surgery and documents the assessment in the electronic medical
record.
1. Patient safety
2. The nurse administers four units of regular insulin to the client whose blood glucose is 240 at
2. Nursing shortage 11:30 a.m. per physician's sliding scale orders and documents it on the electronic medical
administration record.
3. Evidence-based practice
3. The nurse auscultates diminished breath sounds in a postoperative client the morning after
4. Increased numbers of digital natives in nursing practice abdominal surgery and encourages the client to turn, cough, and deep breathe every hour instead
of every two hours.
Correct Answer: 4
4. The nurse obtains the client's vital signs of BP-120/82, P-112, and R-32, totals up the intake of
Rationale 1: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all 1040 ml and the output of 1100 ml, and records these data in the electronic medical record.
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute
care setting. Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 2: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all Rationale 1: Your chosen response is an example of gathering assessment data and recording
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute same in the EMR. The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
care setting. information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
time. In the auscultation with diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to
Rationale 3: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all the knowledge that the client may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute client turn, cough, and deep breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two
care setting. hours.
Rationale 4: Patient safety, nursing shortage, managed care, and evidenced based practice are all Rationale 2: Your chosen response is an example of following physician orders. The nurse as
factors that impact the acceptance and implementation of information technology in the acute knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into information that can then be used to
care setting. Digital natives may be more comfortable with technology, but they are not the aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over time. In the auscultation with
driving force toward change. diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to the knowledge that the client
may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the client turn, cough, and deep
Global Rationale: breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two hours.
Rationale 3: The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
Cognitive Level: Understanding
information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
time. In this case, the nurse auscultated diminished breath sounds in a postoperative client the
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
morning after abdominal surgery. The nurse compared the data to the knowledge that the client
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Nursing Process: Implementation may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the client turn, cough, and deep
Learning Outcome: breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two hours.
Question 8 Rationale 4: Your chosen response is an example of gathering assessment data and recording
Type: MCSA same in the EMR. The nurse as knowledge worker interprets and structures clinical data into
information that can then be used to aid clinical decision making and patient monitoring over
Which action indicates the nurse is functioning as a knowledge worker? time. In the auscultation with diminished breath sounds choice, the nurse compared the data to
the knowledge that the client may be developing atelectasis, and acted upon this by having the
client turn, cough, and deep breathe more frequently than the standard practice of every two
hours.
