IVCA UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 2025 A+
✔✔equine normal walk - ✔✔4 beat lateral gait
LH
LF
RH
RF
NO SUSPENSION
✔✔Equine Trot - ✔✔2 beat diagonal gait
RH & LF
suspension
LH & RF
suspension
✔✔canter/lope - ✔✔asymmetrical 3 beat gait with period of suspension
RH
LH & RF
LF
suspension
✔✔gallop - ✔✔Asymmetrical 4 beat diagonal (LEFT LEAD)
RH
LH
RF
LF
Suspension
✔✔double suspension gallop - ✔✔Asymmetrical 4 beat diagonal gait
RH
LH
Suspension
LF
RF
Suspension
✔✔Normal Backing up - ✔✔4 distinct beats
RF
LH
LF
RH
2 diagonals
RF & LH
LF & RH
,✔✔The power phase of the stride creates energy that is transferred forward thru the -
✔✔lumbosacral motion unit
✔✔Hand equals - ✔✔4 inches
✔✔When measuring the height of a horse - ✔✔you measure from the ground to the
withers
✔✔Equine Colic - ✔✔A relatively common disorder of the digestive system in horses.
Refers to a condition of severe abdominal discomfort characterized by pawing, rolling,
and sometimes the inability to defecate. Treatment is usually to lube them up and keep
them walking. Can be life threatening!
✔✔Hardware disease - ✔✔Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which
migrates through their bodies to their reticulum, causing infection
✔✔Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV) - ✔✔condition where the stomach and intestinal
tract rotate 90 to 360 degrees around the distal esophagus. Can be life threatening
✔✔saddle placement - ✔✔should be behind the scapula
✔✔Long backed horses are prone to - ✔✔muscle or ligament problems
✔✔Short back horses are prone to - ✔✔vertebral problems
✔✔kissing spines - ✔✔impingement of spinous processes upon one another
✔✔most common area for kissing spines is - ✔✔T12-T17
✔✔Spondylosis - ✔✔bony spurs and bridging at the ventral aspect of the intervertebral
space
✔✔What can cause spondylosis deformans and where does it occur typically in dog? -
✔✔1) Hyper mobility
2) Infiltration of calcium to ventral longitudinal ligament
T11 (anticlinal)
✔✔Facet Syndrome - ✔✔Irritation or inflammation of the joint capsules caused by
subluxations and mechanical stress on joints
✔✔Causes thickening of supraspinous ligament and sometimes pain. Most often occurs
at T15-L3 - ✔✔Supraspinous ligament desmitis
, ✔✔Considered a septic bursitis which causes a fistulous wither area. The bacteria is
brucella abortus - ✔✔supraspinous bursitis
✔✔The dissolution of skeletal muscle with exercise that can be sporadic or chronic -
✔✔exertional rhabdomyolysis
✔✔Polysaccharide storage myopathy - ✔✔accumulation of abnormal polysaccharide
usually painful in hind quarters
✔✔Disrupts the normal opening and closing of sodium ion channels. Signs will include
fasciculations, weakness, paralysis, or sudden death - ✔✔Hyperkalemic periodic
paralysis
✔✔Deficiency in Vitamin E and selenium. This is often a geographical problem.
Weakness, lethargy, stiffness - ✔✔Nutritional Myopathy
✔✔Schiff-Sherrington posture - ✔✔extension of thoracic limbs and flaccid paralysis of
pelvic limbs
Severe spinal damage has occurred
✔✔Nearly 80% of disc disease in dogs occurs in the - ✔✔thoracolumbar spine
✔✔Type I IVDD - ✔✔Acute rupture of annulus fibrosis and extrusion of nucleus
pulposus into spinal canal
Occurs in small dogs
Chondrodystrophy and Cartilage abnormality
Dwarf characteristics
✔✔Type II IVDD - ✔✔insidious bulging of annulus fibrosus
fibroid metaplasia
chronic subluxations
PAIN
✔✔Fibrocartilagnous Embolism (FCE) - ✔✔focal area of infarction in spinal cord caused
by occlusion of local blood vessels and fibrocartilage. Dogs are often non-painful and
asymmetrical in paralysis of affected limbs
✔✔Hemivertebra - ✔✔wedge shaped vertebrae
generally no symptoms
pugs and boston terriers
✔✔Block vertebrae - ✔✔osseous fusion between 2+ adjacent vertebrae
Manx and Siamese
generally asymptomatic
✔✔equine normal walk - ✔✔4 beat lateral gait
LH
LF
RH
RF
NO SUSPENSION
✔✔Equine Trot - ✔✔2 beat diagonal gait
RH & LF
suspension
LH & RF
suspension
✔✔canter/lope - ✔✔asymmetrical 3 beat gait with period of suspension
RH
LH & RF
LF
suspension
✔✔gallop - ✔✔Asymmetrical 4 beat diagonal (LEFT LEAD)
RH
LH
RF
LF
Suspension
✔✔double suspension gallop - ✔✔Asymmetrical 4 beat diagonal gait
RH
LH
Suspension
LF
RF
Suspension
✔✔Normal Backing up - ✔✔4 distinct beats
RF
LH
LF
RH
2 diagonals
RF & LH
LF & RH
,✔✔The power phase of the stride creates energy that is transferred forward thru the -
✔✔lumbosacral motion unit
✔✔Hand equals - ✔✔4 inches
✔✔When measuring the height of a horse - ✔✔you measure from the ground to the
withers
✔✔Equine Colic - ✔✔A relatively common disorder of the digestive system in horses.
Refers to a condition of severe abdominal discomfort characterized by pawing, rolling,
and sometimes the inability to defecate. Treatment is usually to lube them up and keep
them walking. Can be life threatening!
✔✔Hardware disease - ✔✔Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which
migrates through their bodies to their reticulum, causing infection
✔✔Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV) - ✔✔condition where the stomach and intestinal
tract rotate 90 to 360 degrees around the distal esophagus. Can be life threatening
✔✔saddle placement - ✔✔should be behind the scapula
✔✔Long backed horses are prone to - ✔✔muscle or ligament problems
✔✔Short back horses are prone to - ✔✔vertebral problems
✔✔kissing spines - ✔✔impingement of spinous processes upon one another
✔✔most common area for kissing spines is - ✔✔T12-T17
✔✔Spondylosis - ✔✔bony spurs and bridging at the ventral aspect of the intervertebral
space
✔✔What can cause spondylosis deformans and where does it occur typically in dog? -
✔✔1) Hyper mobility
2) Infiltration of calcium to ventral longitudinal ligament
T11 (anticlinal)
✔✔Facet Syndrome - ✔✔Irritation or inflammation of the joint capsules caused by
subluxations and mechanical stress on joints
✔✔Causes thickening of supraspinous ligament and sometimes pain. Most often occurs
at T15-L3 - ✔✔Supraspinous ligament desmitis
, ✔✔Considered a septic bursitis which causes a fistulous wither area. The bacteria is
brucella abortus - ✔✔supraspinous bursitis
✔✔The dissolution of skeletal muscle with exercise that can be sporadic or chronic -
✔✔exertional rhabdomyolysis
✔✔Polysaccharide storage myopathy - ✔✔accumulation of abnormal polysaccharide
usually painful in hind quarters
✔✔Disrupts the normal opening and closing of sodium ion channels. Signs will include
fasciculations, weakness, paralysis, or sudden death - ✔✔Hyperkalemic periodic
paralysis
✔✔Deficiency in Vitamin E and selenium. This is often a geographical problem.
Weakness, lethargy, stiffness - ✔✔Nutritional Myopathy
✔✔Schiff-Sherrington posture - ✔✔extension of thoracic limbs and flaccid paralysis of
pelvic limbs
Severe spinal damage has occurred
✔✔Nearly 80% of disc disease in dogs occurs in the - ✔✔thoracolumbar spine
✔✔Type I IVDD - ✔✔Acute rupture of annulus fibrosis and extrusion of nucleus
pulposus into spinal canal
Occurs in small dogs
Chondrodystrophy and Cartilage abnormality
Dwarf characteristics
✔✔Type II IVDD - ✔✔insidious bulging of annulus fibrosus
fibroid metaplasia
chronic subluxations
PAIN
✔✔Fibrocartilagnous Embolism (FCE) - ✔✔focal area of infarction in spinal cord caused
by occlusion of local blood vessels and fibrocartilage. Dogs are often non-painful and
asymmetrical in paralysis of affected limbs
✔✔Hemivertebra - ✔✔wedge shaped vertebrae
generally no symptoms
pugs and boston terriers
✔✔Block vertebrae - ✔✔osseous fusion between 2+ adjacent vertebrae
Manx and Siamese
generally asymptomatic
