NURS5315 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

NURS5315 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS antigen-antibody complex; damage - Answer-forms when antibodies bind to antigens, seen in rheumatoid arthritis and deposited in the synovial membranes. Membranes are then flooded with TA-cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and the inflammatory process is started causing __________ damage. Alloimmunity - Answer-Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species ABO incompatibility - Answer-Hemolytic disease that occurs when the mother's blood type is O and the newborn's is A, B, or AB Rh incompatibility; second - Answer-a condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death, usually impacts the ________ child. HLA - Answer-Targeted response for transplant organ rejection CD4; CD8 - Answer-Once an organ is transplanted, the HLA is presented as the antigen to _____________ and _______________ cells which triggers T-cell proliferation. Th1 cells - Answer-initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages Th2 cells - Answer-Stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies IL2 - Answer-________ receptor blocker is given to ↓ T-cell action in transplant rejection Slow - Answer-Organ rejection is typically a _________ process. incubation period - Answer-interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms prodromal stage - Answer-person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease Invasion period - Answer-the pathogen is multiplying rapidly, invading farther and affecting the tissues at the site of colonization as well as other areas, organism specific symptoms will occur along with s/s of inflammation convalescence - Answer-Last stage of infectious disease progression in which infection is contained and clinical manifestations are resolved. Communicability - Answer-ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease Immunogenicity - Answer-measures the effectiveness by which an antigen elicits an immune response Infectivity - Answer-ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host Pathogenicity - Answer-ability of a microorganism to cause disease Portal of entry - Answer-a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host Toxigenicity - Answer-ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin Virulence - Answer-degree of pathogenicity endemic - Answer-confined to a particular country or area epidemic - Answer-A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. Pandemic - Answer-Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Bacteria - Answer-single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes bacteria capsule - Answer-some bacteria have this, made of polysaccarides for extra protection Plasmids - Answer-small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome, care genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production Pili - Answer-short, hairlike protein structures on the surface of some bacteria such as N. gonorrhoea Glycocalyx - Answer-a bacterial capsule that is made of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars Clostridium - Answer-Certain bacteria have the ability to form protective spores to survive an inactive stage such as ______________ species Gram-negative bacteria - Answer-Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat. Gram-positive bacteria - Answer-Bacteria that have simple cell walls with much peptidoglycan. Endotoxins - Answer-A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. Examples of gram negative bacteria - Answer-Neisseria meningitides, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae