NURS5315 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS – 2025 EDITION
Hypermagnesemia clinical manifestations(Book) - Answer-clinical manifestations
include lethargy, drowsiness; loss of deep tendon reflexes; nausea and vomiting;
muscle weakness; hypotension; bradycardia; respiratory distress; heart block, cardiac
arrest. Excess magnesium concentration depresses skeletal muscle contraction and
nerve function.
1. Explain the difference between cardiac hemodynamic measures Video Lecture:
Cardiac output - Answer-Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed from the left
ventricle in 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute by
the stroke volume.
Stroke Volume - Answer-Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle
for each cardiac cycle (heart beat).
Ejection fraction- The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is ejected from
the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the
end diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - Answer-The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is
ejected from the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke
volume by the end diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - Answer-The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is
ejected from the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke
volume by the end diastolic volume.
Preload- Preload is comprised of two things, the end diastolic volume and the end
diastolic pressure.
Afterload - Answer-Afterload is the resistance that the ventricle pushes against to
contract. This includes aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance.
Myocardial cells (book) - Answer-are the cardiac
cells which are arranged in branching networks throughout the
myocardium.
1. Myocardial cells - Answer-transmit action potentials quickly from cell to cell
2. Myocardial cells - Answer-maintain high levels of energy synthesis
, 3. Myocardial cells - Answer-gain access to more ions, particularly sodium and
potassium, in the extracellular environment.
Evaluate the effects of the catecholamines on the cardiovascular system. (Video
Lectures) - Answer-Vessel diameter changes in response to the baroreceptors and
vasoconstrictors such as catecholamines, epinephrine, nor epinephrine, and dopamine
Chronotropy (lecture) - Answer-refers to rate
Inotropy (lecture) - Answer-refers to contraction.
Where are beta 1 receptors located? - Answer-are located in the heart, increase
contractility, heart rate and renin secretion.
Where are the beta 2 receptors located? (lecture) - Answer-Beta 2 receptors, which are
located mainly in the blood vessels, are responsible for causing vasodilation. They are
also located in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and when stimulated cause bronchial
dilation - hence, the administration of albuterol during periods of respiratory distress.
Whre are the Alpha 11 receptors located? (lecture) - Answer-also located in the blood
vessels, are responsible for causing vasoconstriction.
What is epinephrine? (lecture) - Answer-An endogenous positive inotropic agent. It is a
vasoconstrictor catecholamine hormone-released from the adrenal medulla, causing
vasoconstriction in most vascular beds EXCEPT coronary, liver, and skeletal muscle
circulations
Norepinephrine - Answer-stimulates both the beta 1 and alpha 1 receptors. This
increases myocardial contractility and causes vasoconstriction. These physiologic
changes result in an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure. This is the basis of
the drug norepinephrine (Levophed).
What is nor-epinephrine? - Answer-Norepinephrine mainly acts as a neurotransmitter;
however, it is also released from the adrenal medulla, and when released into
circulation can act as a more POTENT vasoconstrictor.
What is dopamine? - Answer-Dopamine is a precursor of nor-epinephrine and
epinephrine and is a brain neurotransmitter and also a vasoconstrictor (book).When
dopamine is administered at low doses it predominantly stimulates the dopamine 1
receptors and causes vasodilation. When moderate doses are administered it
stimulates the beta 1 receptors and improves myocardial contractility and cardiac
output. At high doses dopamine has alpha 1 activity and causes vasoconstriction
(lectures).
AND ANSWERS – 2025 EDITION
Hypermagnesemia clinical manifestations(Book) - Answer-clinical manifestations
include lethargy, drowsiness; loss of deep tendon reflexes; nausea and vomiting;
muscle weakness; hypotension; bradycardia; respiratory distress; heart block, cardiac
arrest. Excess magnesium concentration depresses skeletal muscle contraction and
nerve function.
1. Explain the difference between cardiac hemodynamic measures Video Lecture:
Cardiac output - Answer-Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed from the left
ventricle in 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute by
the stroke volume.
Stroke Volume - Answer-Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle
for each cardiac cycle (heart beat).
Ejection fraction- The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is ejected from
the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the
end diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - Answer-The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is
ejected from the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke
volume by the end diastolic volume.
Ejection fraction - Answer-The ejection fraction is the percentage of blood which is
ejected from the ventricle with each contraction. It is calculated by dividing the stroke
volume by the end diastolic volume.
Preload- Preload is comprised of two things, the end diastolic volume and the end
diastolic pressure.
Afterload - Answer-Afterload is the resistance that the ventricle pushes against to
contract. This includes aortic pressure and systemic vascular resistance.
Myocardial cells (book) - Answer-are the cardiac
cells which are arranged in branching networks throughout the
myocardium.
1. Myocardial cells - Answer-transmit action potentials quickly from cell to cell
2. Myocardial cells - Answer-maintain high levels of energy synthesis
, 3. Myocardial cells - Answer-gain access to more ions, particularly sodium and
potassium, in the extracellular environment.
Evaluate the effects of the catecholamines on the cardiovascular system. (Video
Lectures) - Answer-Vessel diameter changes in response to the baroreceptors and
vasoconstrictors such as catecholamines, epinephrine, nor epinephrine, and dopamine
Chronotropy (lecture) - Answer-refers to rate
Inotropy (lecture) - Answer-refers to contraction.
Where are beta 1 receptors located? - Answer-are located in the heart, increase
contractility, heart rate and renin secretion.
Where are the beta 2 receptors located? (lecture) - Answer-Beta 2 receptors, which are
located mainly in the blood vessels, are responsible for causing vasodilation. They are
also located in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and when stimulated cause bronchial
dilation - hence, the administration of albuterol during periods of respiratory distress.
Whre are the Alpha 11 receptors located? (lecture) - Answer-also located in the blood
vessels, are responsible for causing vasoconstriction.
What is epinephrine? (lecture) - Answer-An endogenous positive inotropic agent. It is a
vasoconstrictor catecholamine hormone-released from the adrenal medulla, causing
vasoconstriction in most vascular beds EXCEPT coronary, liver, and skeletal muscle
circulations
Norepinephrine - Answer-stimulates both the beta 1 and alpha 1 receptors. This
increases myocardial contractility and causes vasoconstriction. These physiologic
changes result in an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure. This is the basis of
the drug norepinephrine (Levophed).
What is nor-epinephrine? - Answer-Norepinephrine mainly acts as a neurotransmitter;
however, it is also released from the adrenal medulla, and when released into
circulation can act as a more POTENT vasoconstrictor.
What is dopamine? - Answer-Dopamine is a precursor of nor-epinephrine and
epinephrine and is a brain neurotransmitter and also a vasoconstrictor (book).When
dopamine is administered at low doses it predominantly stimulates the dopamine 1
receptors and causes vasodilation. When moderate doses are administered it
stimulates the beta 1 receptors and improves myocardial contractility and cardiac
output. At high doses dopamine has alpha 1 activity and causes vasoconstriction
(lectures).
