2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme
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Terms in this set (302)
are those circumstances that cause the offender to be
punished more severely than they would normally be
for a specific crime. For example, conviction for the
AGGRAVATING
rape of a child would warrant a more serious
CIRCUMSTANCES
punishment than rape of an adult, because society
views a child as more vulnerable
and helpless (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:3±32).
as an approach to studying crime emphasises the
importance of free will and views a criminal act as one
that had been consciously carried out by its
perpetrator; the perpetrator has rationally weighed
up the advantages and disadvantages of undertaking
CLASSICAL
the action. The main focus of classicist criminology is
CRIMINOLOGY
on the operation of the criminal justice system.
Classicists believe that, if this system operated in a
consistent and predictable fashion, it would eliminate
crime (because those who committed crime knew that
they would not get away with it (Joyce, 2006:557)).
are shorter processes that use more limited
CRIMINAL EVENT
information that relates mainly to the immediate
DECISIONS
circumstances and situations (Cote,2002:292).
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 1/39
,2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
refers to the processes through which individuals
initially choose to become involved in particular forms
CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT
of crime, to continue on this path, and then, later to
desist from crime (Cote, 2002:29).
is a term used to indicate that even though individuals
LIMITED OR BOUNDED may make poor decisions, often based on incomplete
RATIONALITY or simply inadequate information, they are
nonetheless rational actors (Newburn, 2007:949).
are those circumstances that would result in a more
lenient sentence that would normally be imposed for
MITIGATING
a similar crime. A first- time offender would normally
CIRCUMSTANCES
receive a lighter sentence than someone with a long
criminal history (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:32).
is a body of theory that contends that scientific
criminology (positivism), with its belief in
rehabilitation, is invalid. According to this school of
NEO-CLASSICAL thought, society should return to the principles of
SCHOOL classical criminology and should deal with crime by
concentrating on the administration of justice and the
punishment of offenders (Empey, Stafford & Hay,
1999:418).
is theory (associated primarily with Marcus Felson)
which suggests that for crime to occur three factors
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES
must be present, namely a motivated offender; a
THEORY
suitable victim; and the absence of capable guardians
(Newburn, 2007:952).
is a theory which emphasises the importance of
rationality in human action, even if this is limited
RATIONAL CHOICE
(bounded). It emphasises the
THEORY
decision-making processes involved in the choices
made by offenders (Newburn, 2007:95).
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 2/39
,2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
is when an individual is bound to society only by his or
her
SOCIAL CONTRACT
own consent, and society is therefore responsible to
him or her (Hunter & Dantzker,2002:29).
. A fundamental concentration on the criminal law and
the legal definition of crime.
Burke (2005:28±29) . The central concept that the punishment should fit
identifies the following the crime rather than the offender.
central attributes of the . The doctrine of free will, according to which all
classical and neoclassical people are free to choose their actions. From this
schools, which laid down perspective, it is assumed that there is nothing
the foundations of the ''different'' or ''special'' about offenders that
rational actor model: differentiate them from other people.
. The use of non-scientific methodology coupled with
a lack of empirical research.
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 3/39
, 2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
= a person is still accountable for his or her actions,
but with certain minor reservations
= it is acknowledged that the offender's past history
and present situation both influence the likelihood of
reform
= sane adults were still considered fully responsible
for their actions, and all equally capable of either
criminal or law-abiding behaviour.
= that children (and in some circumstances the
elderly) were less capable of exercising free choice
and were therefore less responsible for their actions
= insane and ``feeble-minded'' might be even less
neoclassicists,
responsible
= admitted into the courts for the first time non-legal
"experts''
including doctors, psychiatrists and, later, social
workers.
= purpose of this intervention was to determine the
extent to which offenders were responsible for their
actions.
= outcome was that sentences became more
individualised, depending on the perceived degree of
responsibility on the part of the offender and on
whether there were mitigating circumstances
= The availability of suitable targets in the form of a
elements that increase or
person or property,
decrease the likelihood
= The absence of capable guardians, such as police,
that persons will be
homeowners, neighbours,
victims
friends, and relatives.
of personal (direct
= The presence of motivated offenders, such as young
contact) or property
males, drug users and
crime are:
unemployed adults.
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 4/39
Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme
Save
Terms in this set (302)
are those circumstances that cause the offender to be
punished more severely than they would normally be
for a specific crime. For example, conviction for the
AGGRAVATING
rape of a child would warrant a more serious
CIRCUMSTANCES
punishment than rape of an adult, because society
views a child as more vulnerable
and helpless (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:3±32).
as an approach to studying crime emphasises the
importance of free will and views a criminal act as one
that had been consciously carried out by its
perpetrator; the perpetrator has rationally weighed
up the advantages and disadvantages of undertaking
CLASSICAL
the action. The main focus of classicist criminology is
CRIMINOLOGY
on the operation of the criminal justice system.
Classicists believe that, if this system operated in a
consistent and predictable fashion, it would eliminate
crime (because those who committed crime knew that
they would not get away with it (Joyce, 2006:557)).
are shorter processes that use more limited
CRIMINAL EVENT
information that relates mainly to the immediate
DECISIONS
circumstances and situations (Cote,2002:292).
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 1/39
,2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
refers to the processes through which individuals
initially choose to become involved in particular forms
CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT
of crime, to continue on this path, and then, later to
desist from crime (Cote, 2002:29).
is a term used to indicate that even though individuals
LIMITED OR BOUNDED may make poor decisions, often based on incomplete
RATIONALITY or simply inadequate information, they are
nonetheless rational actors (Newburn, 2007:949).
are those circumstances that would result in a more
lenient sentence that would normally be imposed for
MITIGATING
a similar crime. A first- time offender would normally
CIRCUMSTANCES
receive a lighter sentence than someone with a long
criminal history (Hunter & Dantzker, 2002:32).
is a body of theory that contends that scientific
criminology (positivism), with its belief in
rehabilitation, is invalid. According to this school of
NEO-CLASSICAL thought, society should return to the principles of
SCHOOL classical criminology and should deal with crime by
concentrating on the administration of justice and the
punishment of offenders (Empey, Stafford & Hay,
1999:418).
is theory (associated primarily with Marcus Felson)
which suggests that for crime to occur three factors
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES
must be present, namely a motivated offender; a
THEORY
suitable victim; and the absence of capable guardians
(Newburn, 2007:952).
is a theory which emphasises the importance of
rationality in human action, even if this is limited
RATIONAL CHOICE
(bounded). It emphasises the
THEORY
decision-making processes involved in the choices
made by offenders (Newburn, 2007:95).
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 2/39
,2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
is when an individual is bound to society only by his or
her
SOCIAL CONTRACT
own consent, and society is therefore responsible to
him or her (Hunter & Dantzker,2002:29).
. A fundamental concentration on the criminal law and
the legal definition of crime.
Burke (2005:28±29) . The central concept that the punishment should fit
identifies the following the crime rather than the offender.
central attributes of the . The doctrine of free will, according to which all
classical and neoclassical people are free to choose their actions. From this
schools, which laid down perspective, it is assumed that there is nothing
the foundations of the ''different'' or ''special'' about offenders that
rational actor model: differentiate them from other people.
. The use of non-scientific methodology coupled with
a lack of empirical research.
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 3/39
, 2/27/25, 6:00 PM Ultimate List CMY3701 Marking Scheme Flashcards | Quizlet
= a person is still accountable for his or her actions,
but with certain minor reservations
= it is acknowledged that the offender's past history
and present situation both influence the likelihood of
reform
= sane adults were still considered fully responsible
for their actions, and all equally capable of either
criminal or law-abiding behaviour.
= that children (and in some circumstances the
elderly) were less capable of exercising free choice
and were therefore less responsible for their actions
= insane and ``feeble-minded'' might be even less
neoclassicists,
responsible
= admitted into the courts for the first time non-legal
"experts''
including doctors, psychiatrists and, later, social
workers.
= purpose of this intervention was to determine the
extent to which offenders were responsible for their
actions.
= outcome was that sentences became more
individualised, depending on the perceived degree of
responsibility on the part of the offender and on
whether there were mitigating circumstances
= The availability of suitable targets in the form of a
elements that increase or
person or property,
decrease the likelihood
= The absence of capable guardians, such as police,
that persons will be
homeowners, neighbours,
victims
friends, and relatives.
of personal (direct
= The presence of motivated offenders, such as young
contact) or property
males, drug users and
crime are:
unemployed adults.
https://quizlet.com/1011693790/ultimate-list-cmy3701-marking-scheme-flash-cards/?new 4/39
