CDR RD Exam Updated Basic Information for Exam Prepping

CDR RD Exam Updated Basic Information for Exam Prepping CDR RD Exam Updated Basic Information for Exam Prepping Monosaccharides correct answer glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides correct answer sucrose, lactose, maltose Sucrose correct answer glucose + fructose Maltose correct answer glucose + glucose Lactose correct answer glucose + galactose Polysaccharides correct answer starch, cellulose, glycogen, pectin, dextrin Sorbitol correct answer Alcohol from glucose; absorbed more slowly than glucose by passive diffusion; converted to fructose; Excess may cause diarrhea Essential Amino Acids (EAA) correct answer threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine (TV TILL PMH) Saturated fat correct answer all available bonds of carbon chain are filled with hydrogen; solid at room temperature Unsaturated fat correct answer one or more double bonds Linoleic acid (C18:2w6) correct answer 18 carbons, two double bonds, the first double bond located at the sixth carbon Saturated fat examples correct answer coconut oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butter, palm oil, canola Monounsaturated fat examples correct answer olive, canola, peanut, sunflower, coconut (MCT source) Polyunsaturated fat examples correct answer safflower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower, palm kernel Vitamin A deficiency correct answer night blindness; xerophthalmia (corneal damage); Bitot's spots on dry scalp (hyperkeratosis) Vitamin D deficiency correct answer rickets, osteomalaciaVitamin E deficiency correct answer hemolytic anemia Vitamin K deficiency correct answer hemorrhage Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency correct answer Beriberi (muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency correct answer Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth); Angular stomatitis (crackers on corner of mouth); Magenta tongue Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency correct answer Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia) Folate deficiency correct answer megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency correct answer seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency correct answer macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; Pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency correct answer scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency correct answer muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis Calcium deficiency correct answer tetany, osteoporosis Iron deficiency correct answer pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, spoon-shaped nails, pale conjunctivae Magensium deficiency correct answer rare- tremors Zinc deficiency correct answer Reduced immune function, alopecia, poor wound healing, hypogeusia Iodine deficiency correct answer goiter Flouride deficiency correct answer dental caries Sodium deficiency correct answer cardiac arrhythmia, irritability, glucose intolerance, DKAPotassium deficiency correct answer Muscle cramps, nausea, dizziness Copper deficiency correct answer microcytic anemia; Wilson's disease Selenium deficiency correct answer myalgia, cardiac myopathy Chromium deficiency correct answer insulin resistance Cobalt deficiency correct answer related to B12 deficiency Vitamin A correct answer Fat soluble; skin, vision; yellow/orange fruits, dark green leafy vegetables (cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, apricots, sweet potato) Vitamin D correct answer Fat soluble; cholesterol precursor; Ca, P metabolism; Sunlight, egg yolks Vitamin E correct answer Fat soluble; vegetable oils, whole grains, almonds Vitamin K correct answer Aids blood clotting; calcium metabolism; spinach, kale, broccoli B1 (thiamine) correct answer Water soluble; lost as temp or ph rises; oxidation of CHO; grains, wheat germ, pork, liver B3 (niacin) correct answer Essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism; metabolism of CHO, Protein, Fat; Peanuts, chicken, rice, yeast, milk, ready to eat cereals Folate correct answer Water soluble; DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents NTD; Liver, kidney, green leafy veg, citrus, fruits, lentils, beans; supplementation can mask B12 deficiency B6 (pyridoxine) correct answer coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism; Meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork B12 (cobalamin) correct answer Coenzyme in protein synthesis; Liver, meat, milk, egg, fish, cheese Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) correct answer Wound healing; aids iron absorption; citrus, fruit, potatoes, dark green veg, yellow vegetables Calcium correct answer Most abundant mineral in the body; Vitamin D and lactose aid in absorption; Helps with blood clotting, cardiac function, smooth muscle contraction; Dairy products, leafy vegetables, legumes Extracellular electrolytes correct answer Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3- (bicarbonate)Intracellular electrolytes correct answer K+, Mg++, P Dehydration correct answer Nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increased BUN, tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss Critical Pathway correct answer A critical pathway (care map) helps map out the course of treatment for a patient and move the course toward the desired outcome. Number 10 scoop correct answer 3/8 cup Number 6 scoop correct answer 2/3 cup Number 12 scoop correct answer 1/3 cup Number 8 scoop correct answer 8 tbsp (1/2 cup) Formulary correct answer A formulary is a list with descriptions of approved products used by an organization. In the hospital system, the formulary lists pharmaceutical agents with important information and is used to obtain volume purchasing discounts. Children between 1 and 3 years of age are at an increased nutritional risk for: correct answer Iron deficiency; The rapid growth period of infancy is marked by an increase in hemoglobin and total iron mass. If children drink too much milk (e.g., more than 24 oz per day) and eat too few iron-rich foods (e.g., red meat, green leafy vegetables, etc.), they can develop "milk anemia". The signs and symptoms include irritability, shortness of breath, pica, decreased appetite, weakness/fatigue, brittle nails, and pale skin. BMI-for-age in children and teens correct answer 5th percentile = underweight 5th percentile to 85th percentile = healthy weight 85th percentile to 95th percentile = overweight At or over 95th percentile = obese Seven Principles of HACCP correct answer 1. Perform a hazard analysis. 2. Decide on the Critical Control Points. 3. Determine the critical limits. 4. Establish procedures to monitor the critical control points. 5. Establish corrective actions. 6. Establish verification procedures. 7. Establish a record keeping system. Blood Pressure Levels correct answer Normal blood pressure: 120/80 Elevated blood pressure: 120-129/80 Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89Stage 2 hypertension: 139/90 The original intent of HIPAA correct answer to ensure continuation of health insurance eligibility when someone changes jobs or loses a job. Three domains of educational activities or learning, categorized as: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. correct answer Cognitive skills, or knowledge, involve the development of mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge about subject matter. For example, learning what a carbohydrate is and being able to identify one is a cognitive skill. The affective domain, or attitude/self, is the development of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and/or values. For example, understanding how diabetes may impact one's health and making preventative changes to increase one's well-being involves the affective domain. The psychomotor domain involves the development of muscular or physical skills; for example, learning how to prepare a diabetic-friendly meal. "Physical" falls under the psychomotor domain. Papain correct answer Papain is an enzyme present in papaya and is used to prevent gelatinization or to keep something from forming a gel. Bromelin is another enzyme present in pineapple that also prevents gelatinization. Thiazolidinediones (Actos) correct answer improve peripheral insulin sensitivity. This oral glucose-lowering medicine can worsen CHF by promoting weight gain and edema; therefore, it is not appropriate for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Respiratory Quotient correct answer The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) expired to volume of oxygen (O2) inspired, used to measure energy. The RQ changes based on the fuel mixture being metabolized. For example, 1 = carbohydrates alone, 0.82 = protein alone, 0.7 = fat alone, and 0.85 = mixed intake. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) recommend correct answer 45-65% of your daily calories come from carbohydrates, 10-35% from protein, and 20-35% from fat Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) correct answer the intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50% of the population will be met. Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) correct answer the specific amount of a nutrient that is required to maintain good health and prevent deficiencies in the diet.Adequate intake (AI) correct answer a recommended average daily nutrient intake level, assumed to be adequate, based on approximations of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people. Tolerable upper limit (TUL) correct answer the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. The five most significant contributors to food borne illnesses and economic costs in the U.S. correct answer Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and E. coli non-O157:H7 STEC (USDA). RDA for calcium correct answer 700 mg for 1- to 3-year-olds (male/female), 1,000 mg for 4- to 8-year-olds (male/female), and 1,300 mg for 14- to 18-year-olds (male/female) or during pregnancy or lactation, 1,200 mg for women over 51 years of age. Polymerization correct answer the process in which small molecules, called monomers, combine to produce a larger chain-like or network molecule, called a polymer. An example of this process occurs during frying when free fatty acids (FFAs) link together. This makes the oil more viscous and more prone to foaming and decreases the oil's quality. Hydrogenation correct answer the process of making fats and oils more solid at room temperature. An example of this process is the manufacturing of margarine. Retrogradation correct answer is the process of reforming hydrogen bonds into crystalline regions in starches. During the storage or cooling of a starch paste, the hydrogen bonds between amylose molecules break and rearrange themselves into tighter organized structures. This rearrangement and recrystallization give the product a gritty texture. An example of this process is the thawing of gravy. Sublimation correct answer is the transition of a solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. Sublimation is used to prepare high-quality preserved foods using freeze-drying. IBW for males formula correct answer 106 lbs for the first 5 feet plus 6 lbs for each additional inch Anorexia nervosa commonly results in the following changes in lab values: correct answer Normal to low serum albumin High cholesterol, LDL and HDL (this is due to decreased T3 levels. T3 regulates lipoproteins) Normal to low serum prealbuminBUN normal range correct answer 6 to 24 mg/dL (2.1 to 8.5 mmol/L ) is considered normal Serum albumin normal range correct answer 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL (34 to 54 g/L) normal hematocrit levels correct answer Male: 41%-50% Female: 36-44% Normal MCV (mean corpuscular volume) range correct answer 80-100 fL CD4 lymphocyte count correct answer 500-1,200 cells/mm3 in adults and teens Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. Nonessential amino acids include: correct answer alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine