CHILD DEVELOPMENT EXAM GUIDE
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Muscular dystrophy - Answer-a sex-linked disease that can affect children at birth or
later in life. MD is gradual muscle deterioration. It often results in the inability to walk,
and can cause death. The effects can be seen as early as two years old. There are no
proven cures, but physical therapy may help reduce symptoms.
Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) - Answer-When a mother drinks alcohol while
pregnant
Rh Factor - Answer-a problem when the mother has a negative blood type and the baby
she is carrying has a positive type blood. the mother's blood thinks that the baby is a
foreign creature and prepares to attack.
Amniocentesis - Answer-A long needle is inserted through the woman's abdomen and
into the uterus
Piaget
Birth to 1 month - Answer-Infants have reflexes such as sucking, eye movements, and
grasping.
Piaget
1-4 months - Answer-Babies begin to learn eye-hand coordination. Simple motor habits
such as opening and closing the hand and sucking fingers develop.
Piaget
4-8 months - Answer-Babies have the ability to use simple objects like rattles. Their
eye-hand coordination improves, and they begin to reach for things. They will repeat
enjoyable activities.
Piaget
8-12 months - Answer-At this age babies have an understanding of object permanence.
This means that they learn that things don't disappear when they aren't visible. They
also learn simple problem-solving skills. For example, if the baby sees his mom hide a
toy, he may attempt to retrieve it from where she placed it. A younger child believes that
the toy has disappeared because he can't see it.
Piaget
12-18 months - Answer-Toddlers love to experiment. They will repeat the same action
with slight variations to see what happens.
Piaget
, 18-24 months - Answer-Children begin to solve problems without trial and error. They
will imitate the behavior of those around them. They may also begin to pretend things.
Piaget
Pre-operational (2-7 years) - Answer-Children begin to form concepts and use symbols,
which help them communicate and develop their language. They learn names,
numbers, and letters. They can imitate actions they have seenChildren who are in the
stage of pre-operational thought are not concerned with what is logical. They want to
discover things on their own. They become less egocentric, but still believe that
everyone thinks the same as they do.
Piaget
Concrete operational (7-11 years) - Answer-During this stage children begin to use logic
to get answers. They can imagine what others may be thinking or feeling so their own
thinking becomes more flexible. But, the situation they are considering must be
concrete. In other words, based on real life, the situation must be something that they
are familiar with. They understand Reversibility and Conservation.
Piaget
Formal operational - Answer-his is the most advanced stage of mental development.
Once in this stage, people can think abstractly and accurately draw conclusions. They
can think in situations such as "If . . . then . . ." They can think about the future and use
what they have learned in the past.
Freud
The id - Answer-Pleasure principle. The id wants whatever will satisfy and give pleasure
immediately.
Freud
The ego - Answer-Reality. The ego helps mediate between the id and the superego.
Freud
The superego - Answer-The conscience. The superego decides what is right and
wrong.
Erikson
Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer-An infant relies 100 percent on his parents for all his
needs. If parents continually fulfill those needs such as changing diapers, feeding,
clothing, holding, and loving, the child learns to trust the caregiver. If the caregiver
neglects or abuses the child, he or she won't develop a sense of trust. Children who are
loved and nurtured develop confidence. Children who aren't nurtured become insecure.
Erikson
2-4 Years: Autonomy vs. Shame - Answer-Children ages 2-4 begin to realize their
independence. When parents let them explore their freedom they develop autonomy.
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Muscular dystrophy - Answer-a sex-linked disease that can affect children at birth or
later in life. MD is gradual muscle deterioration. It often results in the inability to walk,
and can cause death. The effects can be seen as early as two years old. There are no
proven cures, but physical therapy may help reduce symptoms.
Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) - Answer-When a mother drinks alcohol while
pregnant
Rh Factor - Answer-a problem when the mother has a negative blood type and the baby
she is carrying has a positive type blood. the mother's blood thinks that the baby is a
foreign creature and prepares to attack.
Amniocentesis - Answer-A long needle is inserted through the woman's abdomen and
into the uterus
Piaget
Birth to 1 month - Answer-Infants have reflexes such as sucking, eye movements, and
grasping.
Piaget
1-4 months - Answer-Babies begin to learn eye-hand coordination. Simple motor habits
such as opening and closing the hand and sucking fingers develop.
Piaget
4-8 months - Answer-Babies have the ability to use simple objects like rattles. Their
eye-hand coordination improves, and they begin to reach for things. They will repeat
enjoyable activities.
Piaget
8-12 months - Answer-At this age babies have an understanding of object permanence.
This means that they learn that things don't disappear when they aren't visible. They
also learn simple problem-solving skills. For example, if the baby sees his mom hide a
toy, he may attempt to retrieve it from where she placed it. A younger child believes that
the toy has disappeared because he can't see it.
Piaget
12-18 months - Answer-Toddlers love to experiment. They will repeat the same action
with slight variations to see what happens.
Piaget
, 18-24 months - Answer-Children begin to solve problems without trial and error. They
will imitate the behavior of those around them. They may also begin to pretend things.
Piaget
Pre-operational (2-7 years) - Answer-Children begin to form concepts and use symbols,
which help them communicate and develop their language. They learn names,
numbers, and letters. They can imitate actions they have seenChildren who are in the
stage of pre-operational thought are not concerned with what is logical. They want to
discover things on their own. They become less egocentric, but still believe that
everyone thinks the same as they do.
Piaget
Concrete operational (7-11 years) - Answer-During this stage children begin to use logic
to get answers. They can imagine what others may be thinking or feeling so their own
thinking becomes more flexible. But, the situation they are considering must be
concrete. In other words, based on real life, the situation must be something that they
are familiar with. They understand Reversibility and Conservation.
Piaget
Formal operational - Answer-his is the most advanced stage of mental development.
Once in this stage, people can think abstractly and accurately draw conclusions. They
can think in situations such as "If . . . then . . ." They can think about the future and use
what they have learned in the past.
Freud
The id - Answer-Pleasure principle. The id wants whatever will satisfy and give pleasure
immediately.
Freud
The ego - Answer-Reality. The ego helps mediate between the id and the superego.
Freud
The superego - Answer-The conscience. The superego decides what is right and
wrong.
Erikson
Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer-An infant relies 100 percent on his parents for all his
needs. If parents continually fulfill those needs such as changing diapers, feeding,
clothing, holding, and loving, the child learns to trust the caregiver. If the caregiver
neglects or abuses the child, he or she won't develop a sense of trust. Children who are
loved and nurtured develop confidence. Children who aren't nurtured become insecure.
Erikson
2-4 Years: Autonomy vs. Shame - Answer-Children ages 2-4 begin to realize their
independence. When parents let them explore their freedom they develop autonomy.
