SOC 215 Exam Questions And 100% Verified Correct Answers Graded A+.

Social Construction - correct answer An idea or way of viewing people based not on biological differences but on social perceptions. Race - correct answer A social construction to describe a group of people who share physical and cultural traits as well as a common ancestry. Racism - correct answer (1) The belief that races are populations whose physical differences are linked to significant cultural and social differences within a hierarchy. (2) The practice of subordinating races believed to be inferior. Ethnicity - correct answer Group identity based on notions of similar and shared history, culture, and kinship. Race 2 - correct answer Race is a social and historical construction Historical Construction - correct answer An idea or view that was formed in particular times and places (like colonialism, slavery, and genocide throughout history). Colonialism - correct answer The practice of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Genocide - correct answer The mass killing of a group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic or racial group. Ideology - correct answer A set of principles and ideas that benefits the dominant group (Understanding what race means today requires delving into the historical process through which the idea of race was created. Once we understand that thinking of people as belonging to specific racial categories is not "natural" but constructed, we can begin to think about why and how these categories were created). The Spanish Inquisition - correct answer When the Catholic Church began to consolidate its power in Spain under the reign of monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, Jews were expelled from Spain, and converted Jews were subject to scrutiny. In 1480, Ferdinand and Isabella established a tribunal called _________ , which was intended to ensure the orthodox of people who had converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. Discrimination against Jews and Muslims was more religious in nature than racial, yet the ideas regarding purity of blood that emerged set the stage for ideas of racial difference that were to become part of the European understanding of human differences. Slavery before the idea of race - correct answer Although slavery was common in Ancient Greece, the idea of race did not yet exist. Christopher Columbus - correct answer Spaniards' primary motive was to extract gold from the Americas. They used their weaponry to overpower and enslave the people indigenous to the Americas to compel them to find gold and silver for the spaniards to take back to Spain. The abuse the Caribbean people suffered at the hands of the Spaniards was devastating. European Encounters with Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - correct answer Before the arrival of European colonizers, the Americas were home to over 100 million indigenous people. As a result of warfare, slavery, and disease, about 95 percent of this population was decimated during the first two centuries of colonization. Hernando Cortés () - correct answer Spanish explorer and colonizer who took over Tenochtitlán (beautiful advanced city) and destroyed it with the arrival of the Spaniards. The population of central Mexico was decimated in less than a century, declining from 25 million in 1519 to barely 1.3 million in 1595. Until 18th century (18th century) - correct answer No society denied the humanity of slaves. Negative beliefs about Africans became widespread among the English settlers. The rise of science in the _________ altered the question of human difference. This question began to move from the realms of religion and folk ideas to that of science. Juan Garrido - correct answer () Born in Africa and later traveled to Portugal and then to Spain, where he joined an expedition to Santo Domingo. Participated in the conquest of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and then Mexico. Juan García - correct answer (1495) born in Spain as a free mulatto and traveled to Peru as a colonist. Conquistadores - correct answer Spanish colonists endeavored to subdue native populations and to convert them into Catholics and subjects of the Spanish Crown and to extract as much wealth as possible from the Americas. This required labor (slavery). Form of slavery that developed in North America - correct answer Slaves had no human or legal rights- seen only as property Slavery was permanent and slave status was inherited Forbidden to learn/read/write- enforced inferior status All Africans and their descendants enslaved and only this group Laid foundation for a new idea of human difference Jamestown 1607 - correct answer The first permanent English settlement John Winthrop () - correct answer A leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the mid-seventeenth century, wrote that the death of so many Native Americans as a result of smallpox showed that "the Lord hathe cleared our title to what we possess" (English colonists justified their takeover of indigenous lands in religious terms). Slave Codes - correct answer Laws enacted in the 1660s that clearly spelled out the differences between African slaves and European indentured servants. (The strongest indicator of the solidification of the status of Africans was the prohibition of manumission: masters were not allowed to free their slaves, thereby establishing a permanent slave class. Other laws established lifelong servitude, forbade interracial marriage, and limited the right of blacks to won property and bear arms. These laws specific to blacks both reflected the social order and solidified the status quo. For most of the seventeenth century, European indentured servants and African slaves had shared a similar social status. The slave codes gradually changed this social classification. Bacon's Rebellion (1676) - correct answer Provides one example of what could happen when blacks and whites joined forces to fight for their interests. In ____________ , white indentured servants joined forces with enslaved Africans to protest their conditions. Protestors demanded an end to their servitude and burned Jamestown to the ground, this was a clear threat to the status quo "the existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues." Prohibition of Manumission - correct answer Masters weren't allowed to free their slaves, thereby establishing a permanent slave class. President Abraham Lincoln () - correct answer Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves held in the rebel states of the Confederacy. His willingness to issue this proclamation was not hindered by his belief that blacks were inferior to whites. Powerful planter class in the south - correct answer Slavery generated immense profits in the agricultural industry, but it was heavily concentrated in the hands of a few Indian Removal Act of 1830 - correct answer Act that enabled the administration of U.S. President Andrew Jackson to use military power to displace at least 70,000 Native Americans, killing tens of thousands in the process. Trails of Tears - correct answer The forced displacement of the Cherokee of Georgia, the Apalachicola of Florida, the Peoria of Illinois, the Shawnee of Ohio, and a host of other tribes. A terrible and forced displacement. Many died from from disease, cold, starvation, and exhaustion. Justification for these removals were because Natives were "hindering white expansion" Francois Bernier () - correct answer Divided humans into four groups: Europeans, Far Easterners, Negroes, and Lapps. His system used physical traits such as skin color and hair texture, which would later become prominent determinants of racial status, to categorize different groups. Carolus Linnaeus () - correct answer Proposed that all human beings could be divided into four groups known as the Systemae Naturae (1735). Americanus: reddish, choleric, obstinate, merry, free, regulated by customs. Asiaticus: sallow, melancholy, black hair, dark eyes, haughty, ruled by opinions. Africanus: black, phlegmatic, relaxed; women without shame, crafty, indolent, negligent, governed by caprice. Europaenus: white, sanguine, muscular; inventive; governed by laws. Johann Blumenbach () - correct answer A German professor of medicine, proposed a classificatory system that divided humans into five varieties that also were associated with geographical origins: Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, and Malay. David Hume () - correct answer Asserted in 1748 that whites were the only "species" to have created civilized nations and to have developed arts and sciences. 19th Century - correct answer Was an age of emancipation from slavery and liberation from colonial power. It also saw the rise of industrial capitalism and the emergence of scientific racism. Taxonomy - correct answer Scientific classification of living things Scientific Racism - correct answer The use of science or pseudoscience to justify or reproduce racial inequality. Comte Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau - correct answer Author of Essays on the Inequality of the Human Races. Argued that racial differences explain fundamental differences between individuals. Divided humanity into three races: white, yellow, and black. Argued that racial differences allow us to explain fundamental differences among people. Herbert Spencer () - correct answer Argued that European dominance could be explained by the superiority of the European race (ie: "survival of the fittest") Samuel George Morton () - correct answer Scientist and physician who worked in Philadelphia, amassed an impressive collection of human skulls. He used these 1,000 skulls to test his hypothesis that brain size could be used to rank th