BIO 435 Exam 2 Notes Study Guide
Non-Target Organ Toxicity: Carcinogenesis - ANSWER *leading cause of death
worldwide
-Developing vs Developed
-Risk factors
-Occupational
*second leading cause of death in the US
Carcinogenesis = - ANSWER Non-Target Organ Toxicity
Carcinogenesis & Age - ANSWER 15 yo and younger = 0.1%
15 - 39 yo = 4.4%
55 yo and older = 80%
Cancer: ~100 types* - ANSWER Familial (Genetic)
Environmental
Random
Cancer - Trends - ANSWER - rate has fallen since 1991
- 5-year survival rates have increased for nearly all cancers since 1987, with the
exception of uterine cervix and uterus cancer (declined a year)
Cancer- males vs females - ANSWER Women breast cancer (men have a little), women
only uterus, men only have prostate cancer
Men have higher rates of melanoma of the skin, bladder, and kidney cancer
Thyroid more female
Environmental Exposure: Cancer Risk - ANSWER Cancer Cluster (CDC/NCI)
-greater than expected number
-group of people
-geographic area
-period of time
,State Health Departments
-1100 requests annually
-Community concern
Cancer Cluster Investigations: - ANSWER •Cancers of the same type (not one disease)
-Related cancers
-Blood relatives
-Common cancers
•Numbers likely to reach statistical significance
-Geography
-Time frame
•Diagnosis in a short period of time
•Presence of a common environmental exposure
Woburn, MA - ANSWER "Is this community experiencing unusual health problems?"
Woburn, Massachusetts History
1800s tannery, shoe making, leather goods
1850s chemical companies to support
(Woburn Chem. Works, Merrimac Chem. Co., Monsanto Chem. Co., New England Chem.
Co., Consolidated Chem. Co., Stauffer Chem. Co.)
Woburn Water Supply - ANSWER •1965 - Well G, Well H
•WR Grace: dry cleaning
•15 Acres: Tannery
•1968: Water Chlorination
Woburn Health Status - ANSWER •1965: Andersons moved to Woburn
•1972: son (3 ½ yo) diagnosed with ALL
-2 additional children in the area ALL
•Water?
-Wells G, H
,How do we monitor health?Health Surveillance - ANSWER •Began:
-Europe in the 1500 - 1600s, determinants of disease and death
-Massachusetts began surveillance 1840s, physicians = reportable diseases
•Birth Certificates, confidential
•Death Certificates, public record
•Cancer Registries, Massachusetts - 1980s
•Community Health Reports
•Michigan Vital Statistics
•Michigan Cancer Registry
Woburn Water Contamination - ANSWER 1979 barrels discovered
½ mile from Well G, H
Water Test
*TCE
*PCE (tetrachloroethylene)
Other sites
*arsenic, lead, chromium
Leukemia Cluster? - ANSWER •Actively look for more cases
•12 cases, 15 years (was this unusual?)
•CDC: in-depth interviews (case control study)
•establish controls
•Standardized Rates of Disease:
•Age adjusted standardized rates
Standardized incidence ratios
Standardized Incidence Ratios - ANSWER uses observed vs expected stuff!
Link Exposure Dose and Disease - ANSWER •Harvard School of Public Health
•Establish dose-response relationship
•Children exposed in utero were most sensitive population
, Environmental Contaminants: Surveillance - ANSWER Whether there are any hazardous
waste sites in the community?
What active industries are there?
Are there specific chemicals that may be hazardous?
How can one find out about the air and water quality in our community?
Data on the environment are routinely collected by federal, state, and local agencies.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
State departments of the environment and public health
Local boards of health, fire departments, and water companies
Michigan Public Health Assessments
Woburn, MA cancer clusters - ANSWER Cancer Clusters:
•1972 - 1990s
•2011 IARC TCE Class 1 carcinogen
IARC Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER •The International Agency for Research
on Cancer is the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization.
EPA, FDA, OSHA Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER
•https://www.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-carcinogenic-effects
•EPA works to ensure that: Americans have clean air, land and water
•OSHA: safe workplace
•
•FDA direct food additives,
Indirect food additives,
Unavoidable contaminants
National Toxicology Program: Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER •NTP, 15th
Report on Carcinogens Program
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/cancer/roc/index.html
-256 chem/bio/agents
•NTP was established to:
Non-Target Organ Toxicity: Carcinogenesis - ANSWER *leading cause of death
worldwide
-Developing vs Developed
-Risk factors
-Occupational
*second leading cause of death in the US
Carcinogenesis = - ANSWER Non-Target Organ Toxicity
Carcinogenesis & Age - ANSWER 15 yo and younger = 0.1%
15 - 39 yo = 4.4%
55 yo and older = 80%
Cancer: ~100 types* - ANSWER Familial (Genetic)
Environmental
Random
Cancer - Trends - ANSWER - rate has fallen since 1991
- 5-year survival rates have increased for nearly all cancers since 1987, with the
exception of uterine cervix and uterus cancer (declined a year)
Cancer- males vs females - ANSWER Women breast cancer (men have a little), women
only uterus, men only have prostate cancer
Men have higher rates of melanoma of the skin, bladder, and kidney cancer
Thyroid more female
Environmental Exposure: Cancer Risk - ANSWER Cancer Cluster (CDC/NCI)
-greater than expected number
-group of people
-geographic area
-period of time
,State Health Departments
-1100 requests annually
-Community concern
Cancer Cluster Investigations: - ANSWER •Cancers of the same type (not one disease)
-Related cancers
-Blood relatives
-Common cancers
•Numbers likely to reach statistical significance
-Geography
-Time frame
•Diagnosis in a short period of time
•Presence of a common environmental exposure
Woburn, MA - ANSWER "Is this community experiencing unusual health problems?"
Woburn, Massachusetts History
1800s tannery, shoe making, leather goods
1850s chemical companies to support
(Woburn Chem. Works, Merrimac Chem. Co., Monsanto Chem. Co., New England Chem.
Co., Consolidated Chem. Co., Stauffer Chem. Co.)
Woburn Water Supply - ANSWER •1965 - Well G, Well H
•WR Grace: dry cleaning
•15 Acres: Tannery
•1968: Water Chlorination
Woburn Health Status - ANSWER •1965: Andersons moved to Woburn
•1972: son (3 ½ yo) diagnosed with ALL
-2 additional children in the area ALL
•Water?
-Wells G, H
,How do we monitor health?Health Surveillance - ANSWER •Began:
-Europe in the 1500 - 1600s, determinants of disease and death
-Massachusetts began surveillance 1840s, physicians = reportable diseases
•Birth Certificates, confidential
•Death Certificates, public record
•Cancer Registries, Massachusetts - 1980s
•Community Health Reports
•Michigan Vital Statistics
•Michigan Cancer Registry
Woburn Water Contamination - ANSWER 1979 barrels discovered
½ mile from Well G, H
Water Test
*TCE
*PCE (tetrachloroethylene)
Other sites
*arsenic, lead, chromium
Leukemia Cluster? - ANSWER •Actively look for more cases
•12 cases, 15 years (was this unusual?)
•CDC: in-depth interviews (case control study)
•establish controls
•Standardized Rates of Disease:
•Age adjusted standardized rates
Standardized incidence ratios
Standardized Incidence Ratios - ANSWER uses observed vs expected stuff!
Link Exposure Dose and Disease - ANSWER •Harvard School of Public Health
•Establish dose-response relationship
•Children exposed in utero were most sensitive population
, Environmental Contaminants: Surveillance - ANSWER Whether there are any hazardous
waste sites in the community?
What active industries are there?
Are there specific chemicals that may be hazardous?
How can one find out about the air and water quality in our community?
Data on the environment are routinely collected by federal, state, and local agencies.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
State departments of the environment and public health
Local boards of health, fire departments, and water companies
Michigan Public Health Assessments
Woburn, MA cancer clusters - ANSWER Cancer Clusters:
•1972 - 1990s
•2011 IARC TCE Class 1 carcinogen
IARC Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER •The International Agency for Research
on Cancer is the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization.
EPA, FDA, OSHA Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER
•https://www.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-carcinogenic-effects
•EPA works to ensure that: Americans have clean air, land and water
•OSHA: safe workplace
•
•FDA direct food additives,
Indirect food additives,
Unavoidable contaminants
National Toxicology Program: Classification of Carcinogens - ANSWER •NTP, 15th
Report on Carcinogens Program
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/cancer/roc/index.html
-256 chem/bio/agents
•NTP was established to:
