The,Anthropology,of,Religion,,Magic,,and,Witchcraft
Test Bank for Essentials of Cultural Anthro-
, , , , , ,
pology 3rd Edition by Bailey 2
, , , , ,
TEST BANKS, FINAL
, ,
EXAMS, AND SOLUTION MANUALS , , , ,,
CHAPTER,2
TEST,BANK,FOR,ESSENTIALS,OF,CULTURAL,ANTHROPOLOGY,3RD,EDITION,BY,BAILEY,2
LEARNING,OBJECTIVES
After,reading,Chapter,2,,the,student,should,be,able,to:
1. Describe,the,anthropological,meaning,of,culture,and,its,complexities.
2. Explain,why,it,is,usually,mistaken,to,equate,“culture”,with,“nation”,or,“society.”
3. Discuss,the,nonobvious,components,of,cultural,knowledge,and,their,importance.
4. Evaluate,the,importance,of,culture,to,human,life.
KEY,TERMS
culture,(22),cultural,i
dentity,(23),subcult
ure,(23)
enculturation,(socialization),(24)
,patterns,of,behavior,(26),role,(2
7)
norm,(27),values,(28),sy
mbol,(30),cultural,constr
uction,(31),world,view,(3
4)
CHAPTER,SUMMARY
18
,The,Anthropology,of,Religion,,Magic,,and,Witchcraft
Anthropologists,use,the,concept,of,culture,to,understand,the,diversity,of,human,experience.,
Culture,is,the,shared,,socially,learned,knowledge,and,patterns,of,behavior,that,are,unique,to,a,gro
up,of,people.,Culture,is,not,only,essential,for,humanity,,but,it,is,also,the,key,to,our,successful,adap
tation,in,a,wide,variety,of,environments.,
Though,definitions,vary,widely,,anthropologists,generally,agree,on,certain,characteristics,of,c
ulture:,it,is,learned,,shared,,has,a,profound,impact,on,the,group,of,people,who,share,it,,and,is,cen
tral,to,understanding,the,different,ways,in,which,groups,of,people,act,,think,,and,feel.,In,a,narrow,
sense,,culture,can,be,defined,as,a,mental,phenomenon;,material,artifacts,and,behaviors,,for,exa
mple,,are,products,of,culture,in,this,sense.,Broadly,defined,,culture,refers,to,the,way,of,life,of,a,giv
en,group,of,people,and,explains,the,distinctiveness,of,the,group.,Culture,is,shared,by,definition,,a
nd,always,socially,learned.,Biological,differences,do,not,explain,cultural,differences;,they,are,inde
pendent,of,each,other.,Culture,is,passed,from,one,generation,to,the,next,,and,transmitted,from,pl
ace,to,place,at,any,given,time.
Attitudes,,beliefs,,assumptions,about,the,world,and,other,socially,learned,information,that,is,
stored,in,the,mind,,is,called,cultural,knowledge.,The,five,components,of,cultural,knowledge,are:,n
orms,,values,,symbols,,constructions,of,reality,(including,the,natural,and,social,worlds),,and,world
,views,through,which,reality,is,interpreted.,Culture,knowledge,is,learned,through,enculturation.,It
,is,necessary,for,human,existence,because,it,enables,us,to,adapt,to,our,environments,and,provide
s,the,basis,for,human,life,,as,well,as,shaping,our,view,of,reality.
LECTURE,OUTLINE
CULTURE
I. A,Definition,of,Culture
a. Culture,is,both,a,concept,and,a,word.
b. The,modern,idea,of,culture,developed,in,the,nineteenth,century.
c. All,human,groups,possess,culture,to,the,same,degree.
d. Anthropological,definitions,of,culture,share,certain,features.
i. Culture,is,learned,from,other,people,while,growing,up,in,a,particular,socie
ty,or,group.
ii. Culture,is,widely,shared,by,the,members,of,that,society,or,group.
iii. Culture,profoundly,affects,the,thoughts,,actions,,and,feelings,of,people.
iv. Culture,in,large,part,accounts,for,differences,in,how,people,act,,think,,and,
feel.
e. Narrow,concepts,of,culture,see,it,as,an,ideational,or,mental,phenomenon.
f. Broad,concepts,of,culture,see,it,as,the,whole,way,of,life,of,a,group,of,people.
g. Even,within,a,culture,,behavior,varies,between,individuals.
h. Culture,is,collective.,
19
, Chapter,2:,Mythology
i. Common,cultural,identities,do,not,necessarily,equate,to,sameness.,ii.
Colonialism,has,produced,countries,filled,with,many,cultural,groups,who,s
hare,a,common,cultural,identity,in,addition,to,identifying,other,cultural,affiliations
.,iii. Subcultures,refer,to,nations,whose,citizens,and,residents,are,culturally,di-
verse.
i. Culture,is,socially,learned.
j. Enculturation,is,the,process,by,which,infants,and,children,socially,learn,the,culture
,of,those,around,them.
k. Culture,is,not,transmitted,through,genetics,or,by,biological,reproduction.
l. Any,human,infant,is,perfectly,capable,of,learning,culture,of,any,human,group,or,bi
ological,population.
i. The,same,is,true,of,language,acquisition.
ii. Cultural,and,biological,differences,are,largely,independent.
m.,Culture,is,socially,learned,through,observation,,imitation,,communication,,and,infe
rence.
i. Every,people,and,nation,has,adopted,things,from,others.
II. Cultural,knowledge
a. Patterns,of,behavior,promote,commonality.
i. Roles,are,associated,with,privileges,and,obligations.,ii.
Norms,are,associated,with,shared,ideas,and,expectations,of,how,p
eople,ought,to,act,in,a,given,situation.
b. Cultural,Values
c. These,are,people’s,beliefs,about,the,goals,or,ways,of,living,that,are,deemed,desira
ble.
III. Cultural,symbols,may,be,objects,or,behaviors,or,events.
a. These,are,learned,along,with,other,attributes,of,culture.
i. Arbitrary,symbols,have,no,inherent,quality.
1. A,wink,in,one,culture,may,have,no,meaning,in,another.
ii. Conventional,symbols,have,meaning,only,because,people,agree,they,do.
1. A,red,light,at,an,intersection,means,stop,only,because,people,obey.
b. Cultural,constructions,of,reality
i. Cultural,knowledge,that,includes,shared,ways,of,perceiving,the,world.
1. There,are,constructions,regarding,the,natural,world.
2. There,are,constructions,about,social,reality.
c. Cultural,world,views
i. A,world,view,is,the,way,a,people,interpret,reality,and,events,,including,the
ir,images,of,themselves,and,how,they,relate,to,the,world,around,them.
1. Some,cultures,believe,in,things,that,others,do,not.
2. Most,world,views,make,a,connection,between,the,“natural”,and,“s
upernatural.”
20
, The,Anthropology,of,Religion,,Magic,,and,Witchcraft
3. The,way,people,view,their,place,in,nature,is,part,of,their,world,view
.
IV. Culture,,Biology,,and,Human,Life
a. Culture,is,necessary,for,human,existence,in,at,least,three,specific,ways.
i. One,,culture,provides,the,knowledge,we,need,to,adapt,to,our,surrounding
s.
ii. Two,,culture,is,the,basis,for,human,social,life.,iii.
Three,,culture,profoundly,influences,our,views,of,reality.
SUGGESTED,SUPPLEMENTARY,LECTURES
Culture,and,Hominids
Discuss,how,definitions,of,culture,might,or,might,not,apply,to,other,hominid,species.,Consider,the
,consequences,of,assuming,only,modern,humans,have,culture,and,culture,only,exists,in,modern,h
umans,on,Homo,erectus,or,Australopithecus,afarensis,and,others.,Discuss,the,possibility,culture,a
rose,suddenly,in,one,species,or,that,various,components,of,culture,arose,at,different,times,throu
ghout,prehistory.
Culture,and,Nonhuman,Primates
Discuss,the,cognitive,capacities,of,monkeys,and,apes.,Potato,washing,behavior,in,Japanese,monk
eys,is,a,famous,example,of,social,learning,still,debated.,Chimpanzee,mothers,may,exhibit,teachin
g,their,infants,the,correct,technique,for,cracking,open,palm,nuts,with,stone,hammers.,,Students,a
re,often,amazed,by,the,ability,of,chimpanzees,to,use,symbols,and,other,properties,of,language.,D
etail,the,experiments,done,with,Kanzi,,the,bonobo,chimpanzee.,One,point,to,make,is,how,the,res
ults,of,similarities,between,chimpanzee,or,non-
human,primate,“culture”,and,human,culture,should,not,be,too,surprising,,given,the,close,degree,
of,shared,genetic,material,between,chimpanzees,and,humans.
The,Importance,of,Culture
Discuss,the,effects,of,symbolic,thought,in,humans.,For,example,,consider,how,symbolic,thought,h
elps,us,adapt,to,the,environment.,Since,it,is,often,stated,that,human,cultural,transmission,of,adap
tations,occurs,at,a,faster,rate,than,genetic,adaptations,,explain,the,implications,that,human,cultu
re,transcends,biological,heritage.,Consider,if,symbolic,thought,has,reduced,human,biological,dive
rsity.,Illustrate,how,the,human,global,distribution,is,unusual,among,animals,and,yet,we,belong,to,
a,single,species.
Meaning,Behind,Behavior
Cross-
cultural,misunderstandings,can,occur,if,individuals,assume,that,any,given,behavior,has,the,same,
meaning,universally.,Provide,examples,of,similar,behaviors,that,might,have,different,meanings.,O
ne,example,is,an,affectionate,pat,on,the,head,of,an,American,child,is,received,as,disgusting,by,a,B
21
Test Bank for Essentials of Cultural Anthro-
, , , , , ,
pology 3rd Edition by Bailey 2
, , , , ,
TEST BANKS, FINAL
, ,
EXAMS, AND SOLUTION MANUALS , , , ,,
CHAPTER,2
TEST,BANK,FOR,ESSENTIALS,OF,CULTURAL,ANTHROPOLOGY,3RD,EDITION,BY,BAILEY,2
LEARNING,OBJECTIVES
After,reading,Chapter,2,,the,student,should,be,able,to:
1. Describe,the,anthropological,meaning,of,culture,and,its,complexities.
2. Explain,why,it,is,usually,mistaken,to,equate,“culture”,with,“nation”,or,“society.”
3. Discuss,the,nonobvious,components,of,cultural,knowledge,and,their,importance.
4. Evaluate,the,importance,of,culture,to,human,life.
KEY,TERMS
culture,(22),cultural,i
dentity,(23),subcult
ure,(23)
enculturation,(socialization),(24)
,patterns,of,behavior,(26),role,(2
7)
norm,(27),values,(28),sy
mbol,(30),cultural,constr
uction,(31),world,view,(3
4)
CHAPTER,SUMMARY
18
,The,Anthropology,of,Religion,,Magic,,and,Witchcraft
Anthropologists,use,the,concept,of,culture,to,understand,the,diversity,of,human,experience.,
Culture,is,the,shared,,socially,learned,knowledge,and,patterns,of,behavior,that,are,unique,to,a,gro
up,of,people.,Culture,is,not,only,essential,for,humanity,,but,it,is,also,the,key,to,our,successful,adap
tation,in,a,wide,variety,of,environments.,
Though,definitions,vary,widely,,anthropologists,generally,agree,on,certain,characteristics,of,c
ulture:,it,is,learned,,shared,,has,a,profound,impact,on,the,group,of,people,who,share,it,,and,is,cen
tral,to,understanding,the,different,ways,in,which,groups,of,people,act,,think,,and,feel.,In,a,narrow,
sense,,culture,can,be,defined,as,a,mental,phenomenon;,material,artifacts,and,behaviors,,for,exa
mple,,are,products,of,culture,in,this,sense.,Broadly,defined,,culture,refers,to,the,way,of,life,of,a,giv
en,group,of,people,and,explains,the,distinctiveness,of,the,group.,Culture,is,shared,by,definition,,a
nd,always,socially,learned.,Biological,differences,do,not,explain,cultural,differences;,they,are,inde
pendent,of,each,other.,Culture,is,passed,from,one,generation,to,the,next,,and,transmitted,from,pl
ace,to,place,at,any,given,time.
Attitudes,,beliefs,,assumptions,about,the,world,and,other,socially,learned,information,that,is,
stored,in,the,mind,,is,called,cultural,knowledge.,The,five,components,of,cultural,knowledge,are:,n
orms,,values,,symbols,,constructions,of,reality,(including,the,natural,and,social,worlds),,and,world
,views,through,which,reality,is,interpreted.,Culture,knowledge,is,learned,through,enculturation.,It
,is,necessary,for,human,existence,because,it,enables,us,to,adapt,to,our,environments,and,provide
s,the,basis,for,human,life,,as,well,as,shaping,our,view,of,reality.
LECTURE,OUTLINE
CULTURE
I. A,Definition,of,Culture
a. Culture,is,both,a,concept,and,a,word.
b. The,modern,idea,of,culture,developed,in,the,nineteenth,century.
c. All,human,groups,possess,culture,to,the,same,degree.
d. Anthropological,definitions,of,culture,share,certain,features.
i. Culture,is,learned,from,other,people,while,growing,up,in,a,particular,socie
ty,or,group.
ii. Culture,is,widely,shared,by,the,members,of,that,society,or,group.
iii. Culture,profoundly,affects,the,thoughts,,actions,,and,feelings,of,people.
iv. Culture,in,large,part,accounts,for,differences,in,how,people,act,,think,,and,
feel.
e. Narrow,concepts,of,culture,see,it,as,an,ideational,or,mental,phenomenon.
f. Broad,concepts,of,culture,see,it,as,the,whole,way,of,life,of,a,group,of,people.
g. Even,within,a,culture,,behavior,varies,between,individuals.
h. Culture,is,collective.,
19
, Chapter,2:,Mythology
i. Common,cultural,identities,do,not,necessarily,equate,to,sameness.,ii.
Colonialism,has,produced,countries,filled,with,many,cultural,groups,who,s
hare,a,common,cultural,identity,in,addition,to,identifying,other,cultural,affiliations
.,iii. Subcultures,refer,to,nations,whose,citizens,and,residents,are,culturally,di-
verse.
i. Culture,is,socially,learned.
j. Enculturation,is,the,process,by,which,infants,and,children,socially,learn,the,culture
,of,those,around,them.
k. Culture,is,not,transmitted,through,genetics,or,by,biological,reproduction.
l. Any,human,infant,is,perfectly,capable,of,learning,culture,of,any,human,group,or,bi
ological,population.
i. The,same,is,true,of,language,acquisition.
ii. Cultural,and,biological,differences,are,largely,independent.
m.,Culture,is,socially,learned,through,observation,,imitation,,communication,,and,infe
rence.
i. Every,people,and,nation,has,adopted,things,from,others.
II. Cultural,knowledge
a. Patterns,of,behavior,promote,commonality.
i. Roles,are,associated,with,privileges,and,obligations.,ii.
Norms,are,associated,with,shared,ideas,and,expectations,of,how,p
eople,ought,to,act,in,a,given,situation.
b. Cultural,Values
c. These,are,people’s,beliefs,about,the,goals,or,ways,of,living,that,are,deemed,desira
ble.
III. Cultural,symbols,may,be,objects,or,behaviors,or,events.
a. These,are,learned,along,with,other,attributes,of,culture.
i. Arbitrary,symbols,have,no,inherent,quality.
1. A,wink,in,one,culture,may,have,no,meaning,in,another.
ii. Conventional,symbols,have,meaning,only,because,people,agree,they,do.
1. A,red,light,at,an,intersection,means,stop,only,because,people,obey.
b. Cultural,constructions,of,reality
i. Cultural,knowledge,that,includes,shared,ways,of,perceiving,the,world.
1. There,are,constructions,regarding,the,natural,world.
2. There,are,constructions,about,social,reality.
c. Cultural,world,views
i. A,world,view,is,the,way,a,people,interpret,reality,and,events,,including,the
ir,images,of,themselves,and,how,they,relate,to,the,world,around,them.
1. Some,cultures,believe,in,things,that,others,do,not.
2. Most,world,views,make,a,connection,between,the,“natural”,and,“s
upernatural.”
20
, The,Anthropology,of,Religion,,Magic,,and,Witchcraft
3. The,way,people,view,their,place,in,nature,is,part,of,their,world,view
.
IV. Culture,,Biology,,and,Human,Life
a. Culture,is,necessary,for,human,existence,in,at,least,three,specific,ways.
i. One,,culture,provides,the,knowledge,we,need,to,adapt,to,our,surrounding
s.
ii. Two,,culture,is,the,basis,for,human,social,life.,iii.
Three,,culture,profoundly,influences,our,views,of,reality.
SUGGESTED,SUPPLEMENTARY,LECTURES
Culture,and,Hominids
Discuss,how,definitions,of,culture,might,or,might,not,apply,to,other,hominid,species.,Consider,the
,consequences,of,assuming,only,modern,humans,have,culture,and,culture,only,exists,in,modern,h
umans,on,Homo,erectus,or,Australopithecus,afarensis,and,others.,Discuss,the,possibility,culture,a
rose,suddenly,in,one,species,or,that,various,components,of,culture,arose,at,different,times,throu
ghout,prehistory.
Culture,and,Nonhuman,Primates
Discuss,the,cognitive,capacities,of,monkeys,and,apes.,Potato,washing,behavior,in,Japanese,monk
eys,is,a,famous,example,of,social,learning,still,debated.,Chimpanzee,mothers,may,exhibit,teachin
g,their,infants,the,correct,technique,for,cracking,open,palm,nuts,with,stone,hammers.,,Students,a
re,often,amazed,by,the,ability,of,chimpanzees,to,use,symbols,and,other,properties,of,language.,D
etail,the,experiments,done,with,Kanzi,,the,bonobo,chimpanzee.,One,point,to,make,is,how,the,res
ults,of,similarities,between,chimpanzee,or,non-
human,primate,“culture”,and,human,culture,should,not,be,too,surprising,,given,the,close,degree,
of,shared,genetic,material,between,chimpanzees,and,humans.
The,Importance,of,Culture
Discuss,the,effects,of,symbolic,thought,in,humans.,For,example,,consider,how,symbolic,thought,h
elps,us,adapt,to,the,environment.,Since,it,is,often,stated,that,human,cultural,transmission,of,adap
tations,occurs,at,a,faster,rate,than,genetic,adaptations,,explain,the,implications,that,human,cultu
re,transcends,biological,heritage.,Consider,if,symbolic,thought,has,reduced,human,biological,dive
rsity.,Illustrate,how,the,human,global,distribution,is,unusual,among,animals,and,yet,we,belong,to,
a,single,species.
Meaning,Behind,Behavior
Cross-
cultural,misunderstandings,can,occur,if,individuals,assume,that,any,given,behavior,has,the,same,
meaning,universally.,Provide,examples,of,similar,behaviors,that,might,have,different,meanings.,O
ne,example,is,an,affectionate,pat,on,the,head,of,an,American,child,is,received,as,disgusting,by,a,B
21
