AGNP-Exam 2 Questions and answers
2025
aldosterone .- .ANS✓✓-Hormone .that .stimulates .the .kidney .to .retain .sodium
.ions .and .water
HAP .- .ANS✓✓-nosocomial
VAP .- .ANS✓✓-48-72 .hours .after .intubation
CAP .- .ANS✓✓-community .acquired .pneumonia
acute .inflammation .of .pulmonary .parenchyma .acquired .in .community
CAP .antibiotics .- .ANS✓✓-Macrlides .(Zpack)
Cephalsporins .(rocephin/cefepime, .zosyn .for .broad)
Fluroquinolones .(levaquin/moxifloxacin)-po .and .iV
HCAP .- .ANS✓✓-acquired .in .HCFacility
IV .therapy, .wound .care .or .iv .chemo .within .30 .days .
NH .or .LTF
hospitalization .2-3 .days .within .last .90 .
hospital .or .dialysis .in .last .30
HCAP .Antibiotics .- .ANS✓✓-add .vanco .for .MRSA
add .flagyl .for .possible .aspiration
G+C .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Strep .pneumoniae .(COPD)
Strep .pyogenes .(Group .A)
Strep .agalactiae .(group .B)
S. .Aureus
G+R .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-bacillus .anthracis .
nocardia .sp. .(chronic .PNA .)
G-C .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Nieressa .Menigits
,G-R .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-klebsilla .pneumoniae .
e.coli .
pseudomona .aeroginosa .(COPD .and .CF)
Anaerobes .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Acintebactor .Sp. .
Burkholderia .pseudomallei
hemophillis .influenza .(COPD)
Bordetella .pertusus .-Whooping .
proteus .sp. .
serratia .sp.
Atypical .Pathogens .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-M .Tuberculosis .(chronic .PNA)
legionella .pneumophilia .
mycloplasma .pneumonia .
chlamydia .tracematis .
chlamydia .pneumonia
Risk .factors .for .PNA- .1 .- .ANS✓✓-travel, .animal, .occupation, .envirnmental .(ie
.air .condition)
Aspirations .risk .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-etoh, .AMS, .anatomic .abnormalities
drug .use .
dysphagia .
GERD, .seizures
PNA .S&S .- .ANS✓✓-chest .pain .
SOB
productive .cough .
hemoptosis .
decreased .exc. .tolerance .
abdominal .pain .from .pluritis
PNA .S&S- .2 .- .ANS✓✓-fever, .chills, .rigors, .malage, .mylagiz, .HA
PNA .bacterial .sputum .- .ANS✓✓-green .,yellow
PNA .viral .sputum .- .ANS✓✓-white, .stable .WBC, .drycough
PNA .diagnostics .- .ANS✓✓-CBC, .CMP, .BC, .ABG .vs. .VBG, .EKG
cxr, .chest .Ct .
lactic .acid .
bronch
procalcitonin
Procalcitonin .(PCT) .- .ANS✓✓-bacterial .inflammation .marker
Treatment .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-respiratory .support .
antibiotics .
, prevention
Prevention .of .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-PCV12- .adults .>65, .children .<2
PPSV23- .>65 .or .smokers .19-64
Causes .of .Plural .Effusion .- .ANS✓✓-CHF
PNA
liver .disease
ESRD
nephrotic .syndrome
cancer
P.E. .
Lupus .or .other .autoimmune .conditions
S/S .of .pleural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-small: .asymptomatic .
mod-large-SOB, .chest .pain, .fever, .cough
Diagnostics .of .pleural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-CXR
US
Chest .Ct .
Thoracentesis: .Diagnostic .vs. .therapuetic
Plural .Fluid .Analysis .- .ANS✓✓-Transudate-clear .
exudate-WBC, .protein .and .blood
Plural .fluids .Light's .criteria .- .ANS✓✓-PFluid .protein/serum .protein .>0.5
PF .LDH/Serum .LDH .>0.6
PFLDH .> .2/3 .of .upper .normal .serum .LDH
Chemical .eval .of .plural .fluid .- .ANS✓✓-protein
ldh
low .glucose .
tumor .markers
Nucleated .cells .in .Plural .fluid .- .ANS✓✓->50000-empyemia .
>10000-bacterial .PNA, .acute .pancreatis, .lups
>5000- .TB, .Malignancy
Treatment .for .plural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-1. .underlying .cause .
2. .thoracentesis .
3. .chest .tube
4. .pluraldesis .(doxycycline)
5. .Plural .drain .-pleurx
6. .plural .decortication
Noncardiac .pulmonary .edema .cause .- .ANS✓✓-Barbituate .or .opiate .overdoes,
.inhalation .of .gases, .rapid .administration .of .IV .fluids'
*Main .reason: .ARDs
2025
aldosterone .- .ANS✓✓-Hormone .that .stimulates .the .kidney .to .retain .sodium
.ions .and .water
HAP .- .ANS✓✓-nosocomial
VAP .- .ANS✓✓-48-72 .hours .after .intubation
CAP .- .ANS✓✓-community .acquired .pneumonia
acute .inflammation .of .pulmonary .parenchyma .acquired .in .community
CAP .antibiotics .- .ANS✓✓-Macrlides .(Zpack)
Cephalsporins .(rocephin/cefepime, .zosyn .for .broad)
Fluroquinolones .(levaquin/moxifloxacin)-po .and .iV
HCAP .- .ANS✓✓-acquired .in .HCFacility
IV .therapy, .wound .care .or .iv .chemo .within .30 .days .
NH .or .LTF
hospitalization .2-3 .days .within .last .90 .
hospital .or .dialysis .in .last .30
HCAP .Antibiotics .- .ANS✓✓-add .vanco .for .MRSA
add .flagyl .for .possible .aspiration
G+C .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Strep .pneumoniae .(COPD)
Strep .pyogenes .(Group .A)
Strep .agalactiae .(group .B)
S. .Aureus
G+R .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-bacillus .anthracis .
nocardia .sp. .(chronic .PNA .)
G-C .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Nieressa .Menigits
,G-R .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-klebsilla .pneumoniae .
e.coli .
pseudomona .aeroginosa .(COPD .and .CF)
Anaerobes .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-Acintebactor .Sp. .
Burkholderia .pseudomallei
hemophillis .influenza .(COPD)
Bordetella .pertusus .-Whooping .
proteus .sp. .
serratia .sp.
Atypical .Pathogens .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-M .Tuberculosis .(chronic .PNA)
legionella .pneumophilia .
mycloplasma .pneumonia .
chlamydia .tracematis .
chlamydia .pneumonia
Risk .factors .for .PNA- .1 .- .ANS✓✓-travel, .animal, .occupation, .envirnmental .(ie
.air .condition)
Aspirations .risk .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-etoh, .AMS, .anatomic .abnormalities
drug .use .
dysphagia .
GERD, .seizures
PNA .S&S .- .ANS✓✓-chest .pain .
SOB
productive .cough .
hemoptosis .
decreased .exc. .tolerance .
abdominal .pain .from .pluritis
PNA .S&S- .2 .- .ANS✓✓-fever, .chills, .rigors, .malage, .mylagiz, .HA
PNA .bacterial .sputum .- .ANS✓✓-green .,yellow
PNA .viral .sputum .- .ANS✓✓-white, .stable .WBC, .drycough
PNA .diagnostics .- .ANS✓✓-CBC, .CMP, .BC, .ABG .vs. .VBG, .EKG
cxr, .chest .Ct .
lactic .acid .
bronch
procalcitonin
Procalcitonin .(PCT) .- .ANS✓✓-bacterial .inflammation .marker
Treatment .for .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-respiratory .support .
antibiotics .
, prevention
Prevention .of .PNA .- .ANS✓✓-PCV12- .adults .>65, .children .<2
PPSV23- .>65 .or .smokers .19-64
Causes .of .Plural .Effusion .- .ANS✓✓-CHF
PNA
liver .disease
ESRD
nephrotic .syndrome
cancer
P.E. .
Lupus .or .other .autoimmune .conditions
S/S .of .pleural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-small: .asymptomatic .
mod-large-SOB, .chest .pain, .fever, .cough
Diagnostics .of .pleural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-CXR
US
Chest .Ct .
Thoracentesis: .Diagnostic .vs. .therapuetic
Plural .Fluid .Analysis .- .ANS✓✓-Transudate-clear .
exudate-WBC, .protein .and .blood
Plural .fluids .Light's .criteria .- .ANS✓✓-PFluid .protein/serum .protein .>0.5
PF .LDH/Serum .LDH .>0.6
PFLDH .> .2/3 .of .upper .normal .serum .LDH
Chemical .eval .of .plural .fluid .- .ANS✓✓-protein
ldh
low .glucose .
tumor .markers
Nucleated .cells .in .Plural .fluid .- .ANS✓✓->50000-empyemia .
>10000-bacterial .PNA, .acute .pancreatis, .lups
>5000- .TB, .Malignancy
Treatment .for .plural .effusion .- .ANS✓✓-1. .underlying .cause .
2. .thoracentesis .
3. .chest .tube
4. .pluraldesis .(doxycycline)
5. .Plural .drain .-pleurx
6. .plural .decortication
Noncardiac .pulmonary .edema .cause .- .ANS✓✓-Barbituate .or .opiate .overdoes,
.inhalation .of .gases, .rapid .administration .of .IV .fluids'
*Main .reason: .ARDs
