,
,Managerial E q
conomics
FOR
‰
DUMmIES
by Robert Graham
q q
, Managerialq Economicsq Forq Dummies®
Publishedq by
Johnq Wileyq &q Sons,q Inc.
111q Riverq St.
Hoboken,q NJq 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyrightq©q2013qbyqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qHoboken,qNewqJers
eyq PublishedqbyqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qHoboken,qNewqJerseyq P
ublishedqsimultaneouslyqinqCanada
Noq partq ofq thisq publicationq mayq beq reproduced,q storedq inq aq retrievalq systemq orq transmittedq inq anyq for
mq orq byq anyq means,q electronic,q mechanical,q photocopying,q recording,q scanningq orq otherwise,q exceptq as
q permit-
q tedq underq Sectionsq 107q orq 108q ofq theq 1976q Unitedq Statesq Copyrightq Act,q withoutq theq priorq writtenq pe
rmis-
q sionq ofq theq Publisher.q Requestsq toq theq Publisherq forq permissionq shouldq beq addressedq toq theq Permissio
nsq Department,qJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,q111qRiverqStreet,qHoboken,qNJq07030,q(201)q748-
6011,qfaxq(201)q748-6008,q orqonlineqatqhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks:qWiley,qtheqWileyqlogo,qForqDummies,qtheqDummiesqManqlogo,qAqReferenceqforqtheqRestqof
qUs!,q TheqDummiesqWay,qDummiesqDaily,qTheqFunqandqEasyqWay,qDummies.com,qMakingqEverythingqEa
sier,qandq relatedqtradeqdressqareqtrademarksqorqregisteredqtrademarksqofqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qand/
orqitsqaffili-
q atesqinqtheqUnitedqStatesqandqotherqcountries,qandqmayqnotqbequsedqwithoutqwrittenqpermission.qAllqot
herq trademarksq areq theq propertyq ofq theirq respectiveq owners.q Johnq Wileyq &q Sons,q Inc.,q isq notq associa
tedq withq anyqproductqorqvendorqmentionedqinqthisqbook.
LIMITqOFqLIABILITY/DISCLAIMERqOFqWARRANTY:qTHEqPUBLISHERqANDqTHEqAUTHORqMAKEqN
Oq REPRESENTATIONSqORqWARRANTIESqWITHqRESPECTqTOqTHEqACCURACYqORqCOMPLETENESS
qOFq THEqCONTENTSqOFqTHISqWORKqANDqSPECIFICALLYqDISCLAIMqALLqWARRANTIES,qINCLUDIN
GqWITH-
q OUTqLIMITATIONqWARRANTIESqOFqFITNESSqFORqAqPARTICULARqPURPOSE.qNOqWARRANTYqMA
YqBEq CREATEDqORqEXTENDEDqBYqSALESqORqPROMOTIONALqMATERIALS.qTHEqADVICEqANDqSTR
ATEGIESq CONTAINEDqHEREINqMAYqNOTqBEqSUITABLEqFORqEVERYqSITUATION.qTHISqWORKqISqSO
LDqWITHqTHEq UNDERSTANDINGqTHATqTHEqPUBLISHERqISqNOTqENGAGEDqINqRENDERINGqLEGAL
,qACCOUNTING,qORq OTHERqPROFESSIONALqSERVICES.qIFqPROFESSIONALqASSISTANCEqISqREQUIR
ED,qTHEqSERVICESqOFq AqCOMPETENTqPROFESSIONALqPERSONqSHOULDqBEqSOUGHT.qNEITHERqT
HEqPUBLISHERqNORqTHEq AUTHORqSHALLqBEqLIABLEqFORqDAMAGESqARISINGqHEREFROM.qTHEq
FACTqTHATqANqORGANIZA-
q TIONqORqWEBSITEqISqREFERREDqTOqINqTHISqWORKqASqAqCITATIONqAND/ORqAqPOTENTIALqSO
URCEq OFqFURTHERqINFORMATIONqDOESqNOTqMEANqTHATqTHEqAUTHORqORqTHEqPUBLISHERqE
NDORSESq THEqINFORMATIONqTHEqORGANIZATIONqORqWEBSITEqMAYqPROVIDEqORqRECOMMEN
DATIONSqITq MAYqMAKE.qFURTHER,qREADERSqSHOULDqBEqAWAREqTHATqINTERNETqWEBSITESq
LISTEDqINqTHISq WORKqMAYqHAVEqCHANGEDqORqDISAPPEAREDqBETWEENqWHENqTHISqWORKq
For
WASqgeneralqinformation
qWRITTEN qANDq WHENqonqour qother
qIT qproductsqandqservices,qpleaseqcontactqourqCustomerqCareq Depa
qISqREAD.
rtmentq withinq theq U.S.q atq 877-762-2974,q outsideq theq U.S.q atq 317-572-3993,q orq faxq 317-572-4002.
Forq technicalq support,q pleaseq visitq www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wileyq publishesq inq aq varietyq ofq printq andq electronicq formatsq andq byq print-on-
demand.q Someq materialq includedq withq standardq printq versionsq ofq thisq bookq mayq notq beq includedq inq e-
booksq orq inq print-on-
demand.q Ifq thisq bookq refersq toq mediaq suchq asq aq CDq orq DVDq thatq isq notq includedq inq theq versionq youq
purchased,q youq mayqdownloadqthisqmaterialqatqhttp://booksupport.wiley.com.qForqmoreqinformatio
nqaboutqWileyq products,qvisitqwww.wiley.com.
Libraryq ofq Congressq Controlq Number:q 2012955836
ISBNq 978-1-118-41204-6q (pbk);q ISBNq 978-1-118-41205-3q (eMobi);q ISBNq 978-1-118-41206-0q (ePub);
ISBNq 978-1-118-41207-7q (PDF)
Manufacturedq inq theq Unitedq Statesq ofq America
10q 9q 8q 7q 6q 5q 4q 3q 2q 1
,Managerial E q
conomics
FOR
‰
DUMmIES
by Robert Graham
q q
, Managerialq Economicsq Forq Dummies®
Publishedq by
Johnq Wileyq &q Sons,q Inc.
111q Riverq St.
Hoboken,q NJq 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyrightq©q2013qbyqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qHoboken,qNewqJers
eyq PublishedqbyqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qHoboken,qNewqJerseyq P
ublishedqsimultaneouslyqinqCanada
Noq partq ofq thisq publicationq mayq beq reproduced,q storedq inq aq retrievalq systemq orq transmittedq inq anyq for
mq orq byq anyq means,q electronic,q mechanical,q photocopying,q recording,q scanningq orq otherwise,q exceptq as
q permit-
q tedq underq Sectionsq 107q orq 108q ofq theq 1976q Unitedq Statesq Copyrightq Act,q withoutq theq priorq writtenq pe
rmis-
q sionq ofq theq Publisher.q Requestsq toq theq Publisherq forq permissionq shouldq beq addressedq toq theq Permissio
nsq Department,qJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,q111qRiverqStreet,qHoboken,qNJq07030,q(201)q748-
6011,qfaxq(201)q748-6008,q orqonlineqatqhttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks:qWiley,qtheqWileyqlogo,qForqDummies,qtheqDummiesqManqlogo,qAqReferenceqforqtheqRestqof
qUs!,q TheqDummiesqWay,qDummiesqDaily,qTheqFunqandqEasyqWay,qDummies.com,qMakingqEverythingqEa
sier,qandq relatedqtradeqdressqareqtrademarksqorqregisteredqtrademarksqofqJohnqWileyq&qSons,qInc.,qand/
orqitsqaffili-
q atesqinqtheqUnitedqStatesqandqotherqcountries,qandqmayqnotqbequsedqwithoutqwrittenqpermission.qAllqot
herq trademarksq areq theq propertyq ofq theirq respectiveq owners.q Johnq Wileyq &q Sons,q Inc.,q isq notq associa
tedq withq anyqproductqorqvendorqmentionedqinqthisqbook.
LIMITqOFqLIABILITY/DISCLAIMERqOFqWARRANTY:qTHEqPUBLISHERqANDqTHEqAUTHORqMAKEqN
Oq REPRESENTATIONSqORqWARRANTIESqWITHqRESPECTqTOqTHEqACCURACYqORqCOMPLETENESS
qOFq THEqCONTENTSqOFqTHISqWORKqANDqSPECIFICALLYqDISCLAIMqALLqWARRANTIES,qINCLUDIN
GqWITH-
q OUTqLIMITATIONqWARRANTIESqOFqFITNESSqFORqAqPARTICULARqPURPOSE.qNOqWARRANTYqMA
YqBEq CREATEDqORqEXTENDEDqBYqSALESqORqPROMOTIONALqMATERIALS.qTHEqADVICEqANDqSTR
ATEGIESq CONTAINEDqHEREINqMAYqNOTqBEqSUITABLEqFORqEVERYqSITUATION.qTHISqWORKqISqSO
LDqWITHqTHEq UNDERSTANDINGqTHATqTHEqPUBLISHERqISqNOTqENGAGEDqINqRENDERINGqLEGAL
,qACCOUNTING,qORq OTHERqPROFESSIONALqSERVICES.qIFqPROFESSIONALqASSISTANCEqISqREQUIR
ED,qTHEqSERVICESqOFq AqCOMPETENTqPROFESSIONALqPERSONqSHOULDqBEqSOUGHT.qNEITHERqT
HEqPUBLISHERqNORqTHEq AUTHORqSHALLqBEqLIABLEqFORqDAMAGESqARISINGqHEREFROM.qTHEq
FACTqTHATqANqORGANIZA-
q TIONqORqWEBSITEqISqREFERREDqTOqINqTHISqWORKqASqAqCITATIONqAND/ORqAqPOTENTIALqSO
URCEq OFqFURTHERqINFORMATIONqDOESqNOTqMEANqTHATqTHEqAUTHORqORqTHEqPUBLISHERqE
NDORSESq THEqINFORMATIONqTHEqORGANIZATIONqORqWEBSITEqMAYqPROVIDEqORqRECOMMEN
DATIONSqITq MAYqMAKE.qFURTHER,qREADERSqSHOULDqBEqAWAREqTHATqINTERNETqWEBSITESq
LISTEDqINqTHISq WORKqMAYqHAVEqCHANGEDqORqDISAPPEAREDqBETWEENqWHENqTHISqWORKq
For
WASqgeneralqinformation
qWRITTEN qANDq WHENqonqour qother
qIT qproductsqandqservices,qpleaseqcontactqourqCustomerqCareq Depa
qISqREAD.
rtmentq withinq theq U.S.q atq 877-762-2974,q outsideq theq U.S.q atq 317-572-3993,q orq faxq 317-572-4002.
Forq technicalq support,q pleaseq visitq www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wileyq publishesq inq aq varietyq ofq printq andq electronicq formatsq andq byq print-on-
demand.q Someq materialq includedq withq standardq printq versionsq ofq thisq bookq mayq notq beq includedq inq e-
booksq orq inq print-on-
demand.q Ifq thisq bookq refersq toq mediaq suchq asq aq CDq orq DVDq thatq isq notq includedq inq theq versionq youq
purchased,q youq mayqdownloadqthisqmaterialqatqhttp://booksupport.wiley.com.qForqmoreqinformatio
nqaboutqWileyq products,qvisitqwww.wiley.com.
Libraryq ofq Congressq Controlq Number:q 2012955836
ISBNq 978-1-118-41204-6q (pbk);q ISBNq 978-1-118-41205-3q (eMobi);q ISBNq 978-1-118-41206-0q (ePub);
ISBNq 978-1-118-41207-7q (PDF)
Manufacturedq inq theq Unitedq Statesq ofq America
10q 9q 8q 7q 6q 5q 4q 3q 2q 1
