NSG 318 TOPIC 2, TOPIC 3, AND TOPIC 4 COMBINED WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025-2026!!
NSG318 Topic 2
NSG318 Topic 3
NSG318 Topic 4
NSG318 Topic 2
What are the pharmacokinetic phases? - ANSWER>>absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
absorption - ANSWER>>the passage of the drug from the GI tract into the bloodstream
after administration
distribution - ANSWER>>the passage of drugs from circulation into body tissues
metabolism (biotransformation) - ANSWER>>the body chemically changes drugs to an
excretable form
excretion - ANSWER>>the removal of drugs from the body
disintegration - ANSWER>>the breakdown of oral drug into smaller particles
dissolution - ANSWER>> the process of dissolving small particles of a drug into a
solution
,What two methods of transport involve passive? - ANSWER>> diffusion and facilitated
transport
diffusion - ANSWER>> The drugs movement through a cell membrane from high to low
concentration.
facilitated transport - ANSWER>> utilizes a carrier protein to transport drug from an
area of high to low concentration
active transport - ANSWER>> Requires ENERGY (ATP) requires a carrier substance
usually an enzyme
pinocytosis - ANSWER>>cell carries drug across membrane by engulfing drug particles
What factors affect absorption? - ANSWER>>blood circulation
pain, stress
food texture, fat content, temperature
pH
route of administration
How do drugs move from the GI tract to the liver? - ANSWER>>via the hepatic portal
vein
What is the first pass effect? - ANSWER>>After oral administration, many drugs are
absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to
the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the
bioavailability of certain oral medications.
bioavailability - ANSWER>>percent of administered drug available for activity
what reaches systemic circulation (blood stream)
, Which has more bioavailability oral route or IV? - ANSWER>>oral route will have less
bioavailability because it passes through the liver
IV administration bypasses the liver
What are factors that affect bioavailability? - ANSWER>>drug form
route of administration
gastric mucosa and motility
administration with food and other drugs
changes in liver metabolism
What happens when 2 highly protein bound drugs are administer together? -
ANSWER>>the drugs will compete for protein binding sites and this will lead to an
increase in the free drugs of the drug that had the lower percent of protein binding
free drugs - ANSWER>>can exit blood vessels and reach their site of action causing
pharmacological response
(too high of free drug accumulation can cause side effects, adverse effects, or toxicity)
What are the requirements of a drug to pass the blood brain barrier? - ANSWER>>high
lipid soluble
low molecular weight
and can pass with a transport protein
half life (t1/2) - ANSWER>>time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be
reduced by half
loading dose - ANSWER>>a large initial dose given to achieve a rapid minimum
effective concentration in the plasma
therapeutic effects can be obtained while steady state is reached
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2025-2026!!
NSG318 Topic 2
NSG318 Topic 3
NSG318 Topic 4
NSG318 Topic 2
What are the pharmacokinetic phases? - ANSWER>>absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
absorption - ANSWER>>the passage of the drug from the GI tract into the bloodstream
after administration
distribution - ANSWER>>the passage of drugs from circulation into body tissues
metabolism (biotransformation) - ANSWER>>the body chemically changes drugs to an
excretable form
excretion - ANSWER>>the removal of drugs from the body
disintegration - ANSWER>>the breakdown of oral drug into smaller particles
dissolution - ANSWER>> the process of dissolving small particles of a drug into a
solution
,What two methods of transport involve passive? - ANSWER>> diffusion and facilitated
transport
diffusion - ANSWER>> The drugs movement through a cell membrane from high to low
concentration.
facilitated transport - ANSWER>> utilizes a carrier protein to transport drug from an
area of high to low concentration
active transport - ANSWER>> Requires ENERGY (ATP) requires a carrier substance
usually an enzyme
pinocytosis - ANSWER>>cell carries drug across membrane by engulfing drug particles
What factors affect absorption? - ANSWER>>blood circulation
pain, stress
food texture, fat content, temperature
pH
route of administration
How do drugs move from the GI tract to the liver? - ANSWER>>via the hepatic portal
vein
What is the first pass effect? - ANSWER>>After oral administration, many drugs are
absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to
the liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the
bioavailability of certain oral medications.
bioavailability - ANSWER>>percent of administered drug available for activity
what reaches systemic circulation (blood stream)
, Which has more bioavailability oral route or IV? - ANSWER>>oral route will have less
bioavailability because it passes through the liver
IV administration bypasses the liver
What are factors that affect bioavailability? - ANSWER>>drug form
route of administration
gastric mucosa and motility
administration with food and other drugs
changes in liver metabolism
What happens when 2 highly protein bound drugs are administer together? -
ANSWER>>the drugs will compete for protein binding sites and this will lead to an
increase in the free drugs of the drug that had the lower percent of protein binding
free drugs - ANSWER>>can exit blood vessels and reach their site of action causing
pharmacological response
(too high of free drug accumulation can cause side effects, adverse effects, or toxicity)
What are the requirements of a drug to pass the blood brain barrier? - ANSWER>>high
lipid soluble
low molecular weight
and can pass with a transport protein
half life (t1/2) - ANSWER>>time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be
reduced by half
loading dose - ANSWER>>a large initial dose given to achieve a rapid minimum
effective concentration in the plasma
therapeutic effects can be obtained while steady state is reached
