EXAM 1 BIOS 251: CHAMBERLAIN
BIOS 251, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
What is the body's response to blood loss? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Positive feedback
The Law of Mass Balance - CORRECT ANSWERS- the body's input
should be equal to the body's output
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS- hydrophobic organic molecules with
a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
5 primary types of lipids in the body - CORRECT ANSWERS- Fatty
acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- chains of 4-24 carbon atoms
with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other,
must be attained from food, classified as saturated or unsaturated
,Unsaturated Fats - CORRECT ANSWERS- contain some double
bonds between carbons, molecule has potential to add hydrogen
Saturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- carbon atoms linked
by single covalent bonds, molecule contains as much hydrogen as
possible
Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWERS- 3 fatty acids linked to
glycerol, formed by dehydration synthesis; broken down by
hydrolysis; primary function is energy storage; dietary fats and
oils,
Trans Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2 covalent single C_C
bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C double bond;
resists enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remains in
circulation longer, deposits in the arteries which contributes to
heart disease
Cis-fatty acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- Two covalent single C-C
bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double
bond
Phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS- similar to neutral fats
except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group, structural
foundation of cell membrane; amphipathic (fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic, phosphate head is hydrophilic)
,Eicosanoids - CORRECT ANSWERS- 20 carbon compounds derived
from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid, hormone like chemical
signals between cells, includes prostaglandins
Steroid - CORRECT ANSWERS- a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms
arranged in four rings
Cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWERS- the "parent" steroid from
which the other steroids are synthesized; important for nervous
system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes;
15% comes from diet 85% is internally synthesized
What does good and bad cholesterol refer to? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- droplets of lipoprotein in the blood that are complexes
of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid and protein
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - CORRECT ANSWERS- "good
cholesterol"; lower ratio of lipid to protein; may help to prevent
heart disease
`LDL (Lower Density Lipoprotein) - CORRECT ANSWERS- "bad
cholesterol"; high ratio of lipid to protein; contributes to heart
disease
Protein - CORRECT ANSWERS- polymer of amino acids
, Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- central carbon with 3
attachments (amino groups (-NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) and
radical group (R group))
radical group (R group) - CORRECT ANSWERS- 20 amino acids
used to make the protein identical except for the radical (R)
group; properties of each amino acid determined by the (R) group
Peptide - CORRECT ANSWERS- composed of 2 or more amino
acids joined by peptide bonds
Peptide bond - CORRECT ANSWERS- joins the amino group of one
amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next; formed by
dehydration synthesis
How many amino acids in Oligopeptides? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
between 3-15 amino acids
How many amino acids in Polypeptides? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
between 15 and 50 amino acids
How many amino acids in proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS- More
than 50 amino acids
Peptide bond formation - CORRECT ANSWERS- Dehydration
synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acid of one
group to the carboxyl group of the next
BIOS 251, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
What is the body's response to blood loss? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Positive feedback
The Law of Mass Balance - CORRECT ANSWERS- the body's input
should be equal to the body's output
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation and Percussion
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS- hydrophobic organic molecules with
a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
5 primary types of lipids in the body - CORRECT ANSWERS- Fatty
acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids
Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- chains of 4-24 carbon atoms
with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other,
must be attained from food, classified as saturated or unsaturated
,Unsaturated Fats - CORRECT ANSWERS- contain some double
bonds between carbons, molecule has potential to add hydrogen
Saturated Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- carbon atoms linked
by single covalent bonds, molecule contains as much hydrogen as
possible
Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWERS- 3 fatty acids linked to
glycerol, formed by dehydration synthesis; broken down by
hydrolysis; primary function is energy storage; dietary fats and
oils,
Trans Fatty Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2 covalent single C_C
bonds angle in opposites on each side of the C=C double bond;
resists enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remains in
circulation longer, deposits in the arteries which contributes to
heart disease
Cis-fatty acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- Two covalent single C-C
bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double
bond
Phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS- similar to neutral fats
except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group, structural
foundation of cell membrane; amphipathic (fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic, phosphate head is hydrophilic)
,Eicosanoids - CORRECT ANSWERS- 20 carbon compounds derived
from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid, hormone like chemical
signals between cells, includes prostaglandins
Steroid - CORRECT ANSWERS- a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms
arranged in four rings
Cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWERS- the "parent" steroid from
which the other steroids are synthesized; important for nervous
system function and structural integrity of all cell membranes;
15% comes from diet 85% is internally synthesized
What does good and bad cholesterol refer to? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- droplets of lipoprotein in the blood that are complexes
of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid and protein
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - CORRECT ANSWERS- "good
cholesterol"; lower ratio of lipid to protein; may help to prevent
heart disease
`LDL (Lower Density Lipoprotein) - CORRECT ANSWERS- "bad
cholesterol"; high ratio of lipid to protein; contributes to heart
disease
Protein - CORRECT ANSWERS- polymer of amino acids
, Amino Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS- central carbon with 3
attachments (amino groups (-NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) and
radical group (R group))
radical group (R group) - CORRECT ANSWERS- 20 amino acids
used to make the protein identical except for the radical (R)
group; properties of each amino acid determined by the (R) group
Peptide - CORRECT ANSWERS- composed of 2 or more amino
acids joined by peptide bonds
Peptide bond - CORRECT ANSWERS- joins the amino group of one
amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next; formed by
dehydration synthesis
How many amino acids in Oligopeptides? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
between 3-15 amino acids
How many amino acids in Polypeptides? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
between 15 and 50 amino acids
How many amino acids in proteins? - CORRECT ANSWERS- More
than 50 amino acids
Peptide bond formation - CORRECT ANSWERS- Dehydration
synthesis creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acid of one
group to the carboxyl group of the next
