HK 3600 TEST WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Work - ANSWER applied force and the distance object is moved (FxD). measured in
joules
Power - ANSWER how fast work can be done (work / time). measured in watts
how does power compare to strength - ANSWER strength is the ability to lift increased
mass. power is the ability to do it quickly
partial pressure - ANSWER the percent of each gas in a mixture, depending on the
fractional concentration of said gas.
Partial pressure = fractional concnetration x (barometric pressure - water vapour
pressure)
What are the typical fraction of gases in the atmosphere - ANSWER 79% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
what is typical water vapour pressures - ANSWER 40 mmHg
what is typical barometric pressure - ANSWER 760 mmHg
What happens to barometric pressure at high altitudes - ANSWER It will decrease as
there is less air, therefore less weight and less pressure. However, fractions of air stay
the same.
Boyles Law - ANSWER pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Increase in volume
(size of container) will decrease pressure, and vice versa
Hyperoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen has increased
Hypoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen has decrased
Normoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen is normal
How does gradient of partial pressure of o2 and co2 change during exercise - ANSWER
CO2 production drastically increases, increaseing gradient to psuh co2 into blood. O2
uptake also increase and therefore decreases partial pressure of oxygen in tissue to
increase gradient of pressure and increase flow to the muscle
How does altitude affect anaerobic performance - ANSWER No effect because does not
utilize oxygen, but air resistance decreases which may improve performance
how does altitude affect long term aerobic performance - ANSWER will decrease
,performance due to the dependance on oxygen. because altitude has decrease partial
pressure of oxygen, it decreases pressure gradient and therefore flow, making it harder
to bring oxygen into the body. decreased oxygen can reduced performance due to
decrease VO2, and cardiac output will also decrease
How does the body compensate for increased altitude - ANSWER increase heart rate to
increase CO, which increases MAP, therefore increasing flow (Not across lungs) and
increasing oxygen consumption
will also increase ventilation to increase PO2 in alveolus and therefore arteries due to
equillibration, which increase o2 delivery to tissue
What are the inspiratory muscles - ANSWER contraction of diaphragm to push down and
contraction of external intercostal muscles to push ribs up and out. decreases
intrapulmonary pressure
what are the expiratory muscles - ANSWER contraction of abdominal muscles and
internal intercostals to decrease volume of thoracic cavity. increases intrapulmonary
pressure
tidal volume - ANSWER average volume of each breath (around 500mL)
inspiratory reserve volume - ANSWER maximum volume of air that can be inspired; after
breathing in, how much more can be inspired. around 3000mL
expiratory reserve volume - ANSWER maximum volume that can be expired; after you
breath out, how much more you can expire (around 1000mL)
residual volume - ANSWER what is left after expiratory reserve volume, cannot be
expired and always in lungs (1200mL)
ventilation - ANSWER amount of air inspired/ expired in breath per minute (L/min).
frequency x tidal volume.
what effect does power output have on ventilation - ANSWER will increase
what effect does tidal volume have on ventilation - ANSWER will increase and eventually
plateau
what effect does frequency have on ventilation - ANSWER increases
ventilation threshold - ANSWER the point where ventilation is no longer increasing
linearly with the increase in exercise intensity. occurs at high percentages of vo2 max
Describe the five inflection points on an ECG readings - ANSWER P- depolarization of
the atria
Q- depolarization of interventricular septum
R- depolarization of left ventricle
, S - depolarization of basal heart region
T- repolarization of ventricles
What is the ECG axis - ANSWER Negtive electrode on right shoulder, ground electrode
on left shoulder, and postive electrode on lower abdomen
Systolic vs diastolic blood pressure - ANSWER Systolic- maximum blood pressure as a
result of ejection of blood into aorta and out into body (120)
Diastolic- minimum blood pressure in arteries as a result of ventricular filling/ relaxation
(80)
Voluntary vs involuntary temperature regulation - ANSWER Voluntary- exercise
increases heat through energy expenditure
Involuntary a) shivering, non voluntary contraction that causes energy expenditure and
therefore heat production
b)non shivering thermogenesis through hormones like thyroxine and catecholamines
How is skin temperature measured - ANSWER mean skin temperature calcuated by
adding temp of forehead, chest, thigh, calf, forearm, abs, and back, and then dividing by
7
how is core body temp measured - ANSWER either a thermometer in rectum, ear, or
esophagus, or an ingestible temperature sensor telemetry system, which is optimal for
training athletes
List the risk factors of heat stress - ANSWER 1. fitness- increase fitness will allow
person to tolerate more work, acclimitize faster, and sweat more
2. acclimitization- increase water reabosrbtion to increase BV and therefore CO, as well
as increase ability to sweat and replace water lost through sweat. will also increase vo2,
increase lactate threshold, decrease sodium/ electrolyte in sweat to further increase
water reabsorbtion, and ultimately performance.
3.hydration- increased hydration helps replace water lost in sweat and therefore
increase ability to sweat to decrease body temp, and increase BV to increase CO.
4. environmental temperature- if heat outside body is very high, decreases gradient of
temperature and therefore decreases flow of heat from body. may increase flow of heat
INTO body
5. clothing - decreases ability to remove heat from body
6. metabolic rate- core temp is directly related to work rate, whereby increase in work
will increase metablic heat production
explain the four methods of heat loss - ANSWER 1. radiation - via infrared rays. most
Work - ANSWER applied force and the distance object is moved (FxD). measured in
joules
Power - ANSWER how fast work can be done (work / time). measured in watts
how does power compare to strength - ANSWER strength is the ability to lift increased
mass. power is the ability to do it quickly
partial pressure - ANSWER the percent of each gas in a mixture, depending on the
fractional concentration of said gas.
Partial pressure = fractional concnetration x (barometric pressure - water vapour
pressure)
What are the typical fraction of gases in the atmosphere - ANSWER 79% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
what is typical water vapour pressures - ANSWER 40 mmHg
what is typical barometric pressure - ANSWER 760 mmHg
What happens to barometric pressure at high altitudes - ANSWER It will decrease as
there is less air, therefore less weight and less pressure. However, fractions of air stay
the same.
Boyles Law - ANSWER pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Increase in volume
(size of container) will decrease pressure, and vice versa
Hyperoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen has increased
Hypoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen has decrased
Normoxia - ANSWER partial pressure of oxygen is normal
How does gradient of partial pressure of o2 and co2 change during exercise - ANSWER
CO2 production drastically increases, increaseing gradient to psuh co2 into blood. O2
uptake also increase and therefore decreases partial pressure of oxygen in tissue to
increase gradient of pressure and increase flow to the muscle
How does altitude affect anaerobic performance - ANSWER No effect because does not
utilize oxygen, but air resistance decreases which may improve performance
how does altitude affect long term aerobic performance - ANSWER will decrease
,performance due to the dependance on oxygen. because altitude has decrease partial
pressure of oxygen, it decreases pressure gradient and therefore flow, making it harder
to bring oxygen into the body. decreased oxygen can reduced performance due to
decrease VO2, and cardiac output will also decrease
How does the body compensate for increased altitude - ANSWER increase heart rate to
increase CO, which increases MAP, therefore increasing flow (Not across lungs) and
increasing oxygen consumption
will also increase ventilation to increase PO2 in alveolus and therefore arteries due to
equillibration, which increase o2 delivery to tissue
What are the inspiratory muscles - ANSWER contraction of diaphragm to push down and
contraction of external intercostal muscles to push ribs up and out. decreases
intrapulmonary pressure
what are the expiratory muscles - ANSWER contraction of abdominal muscles and
internal intercostals to decrease volume of thoracic cavity. increases intrapulmonary
pressure
tidal volume - ANSWER average volume of each breath (around 500mL)
inspiratory reserve volume - ANSWER maximum volume of air that can be inspired; after
breathing in, how much more can be inspired. around 3000mL
expiratory reserve volume - ANSWER maximum volume that can be expired; after you
breath out, how much more you can expire (around 1000mL)
residual volume - ANSWER what is left after expiratory reserve volume, cannot be
expired and always in lungs (1200mL)
ventilation - ANSWER amount of air inspired/ expired in breath per minute (L/min).
frequency x tidal volume.
what effect does power output have on ventilation - ANSWER will increase
what effect does tidal volume have on ventilation - ANSWER will increase and eventually
plateau
what effect does frequency have on ventilation - ANSWER increases
ventilation threshold - ANSWER the point where ventilation is no longer increasing
linearly with the increase in exercise intensity. occurs at high percentages of vo2 max
Describe the five inflection points on an ECG readings - ANSWER P- depolarization of
the atria
Q- depolarization of interventricular septum
R- depolarization of left ventricle
, S - depolarization of basal heart region
T- repolarization of ventricles
What is the ECG axis - ANSWER Negtive electrode on right shoulder, ground electrode
on left shoulder, and postive electrode on lower abdomen
Systolic vs diastolic blood pressure - ANSWER Systolic- maximum blood pressure as a
result of ejection of blood into aorta and out into body (120)
Diastolic- minimum blood pressure in arteries as a result of ventricular filling/ relaxation
(80)
Voluntary vs involuntary temperature regulation - ANSWER Voluntary- exercise
increases heat through energy expenditure
Involuntary a) shivering, non voluntary contraction that causes energy expenditure and
therefore heat production
b)non shivering thermogenesis through hormones like thyroxine and catecholamines
How is skin temperature measured - ANSWER mean skin temperature calcuated by
adding temp of forehead, chest, thigh, calf, forearm, abs, and back, and then dividing by
7
how is core body temp measured - ANSWER either a thermometer in rectum, ear, or
esophagus, or an ingestible temperature sensor telemetry system, which is optimal for
training athletes
List the risk factors of heat stress - ANSWER 1. fitness- increase fitness will allow
person to tolerate more work, acclimitize faster, and sweat more
2. acclimitization- increase water reabosrbtion to increase BV and therefore CO, as well
as increase ability to sweat and replace water lost through sweat. will also increase vo2,
increase lactate threshold, decrease sodium/ electrolyte in sweat to further increase
water reabsorbtion, and ultimately performance.
3.hydration- increased hydration helps replace water lost in sweat and therefore
increase ability to sweat to decrease body temp, and increase BV to increase CO.
4. environmental temperature- if heat outside body is very high, decreases gradient of
temperature and therefore decreases flow of heat from body. may increase flow of heat
INTO body
5. clothing - decreases ability to remove heat from body
6. metabolic rate- core temp is directly related to work rate, whereby increase in work
will increase metablic heat production
explain the four methods of heat loss - ANSWER 1. radiation - via infrared rays. most
