BIO 669 Quiz 1 Fall 2025 Questions and
Answers
What are the two most important intracellular buffers? - ANS-phosphate/proteins
Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. -
ANS-osmoreceptors/hypothalamus
Fluid distribution - ANS-Movement of fluids within the body
Composition of fluids - ANS-The electrolytes present in fluids
Electrolytes - ANS-Key ions that affect cell function
Extracellular ion - ANS-Ion present outside the cell
Retention of water - ANS-The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume
Intracellular ion - ANS-Ion present inside the cell
Membrane potential - ANS-The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane
Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing - ANS-Restoring or increasing the membrane potential
Hydrogen ion - ANS-Critical for control of pH and protein structure
Buffers - ANS-Substances that help maintain pH balance
Anionic proteins - ANS-Proteins with a negative charge
Hemoglobin - ANS-Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Carbonic acid - ANS-Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate
Respiratory system - ANS-Involved in control of pH in the plasma
Immune system - ANS-Comprised of innate and adaptive responses
Innate response - ANS-Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Granulocytes - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
, Monocytes/macrophages - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
NK cells - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Plasma proteins - ANS-Proteins involved in innate response
Inflammation - ANS-Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Signaling molecules - ANS-Molecules involved in immune response
Adaptive response - ANS-Slower response that identifies specific targets and develops
memory
Innate immunity - ANS-First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers
Physical barriers - ANS-Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory
tracts
Sloughing off of cells - ANS-Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism
Coughing and sneezing - ANS-Expelling foreign particles through airways
Flushing - ANS-Elimination of waste through urine
Vomiting - ANS-Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system
Mucus and cilia - ANS-Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory tract
Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers - ANS-Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
with antimicrobial peptides
Normal microbiome - ANS-Unique colonization of bacteria and fungi in specific locations
Inflammatory response - ANS-Nonspecific immune response to injury, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
Increased vascular permeability and leakage - ANS-Expansion of blood vessels and
release of fluid and cells into tissues
Vascular responses - ANS-Blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow
Inflammation goals - ANS-Prevent infection, initiate adaptive immune response, initiate
healing, limit and control inflammation
Answers
What are the two most important intracellular buffers? - ANS-phosphate/proteins
Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. -
ANS-osmoreceptors/hypothalamus
Fluid distribution - ANS-Movement of fluids within the body
Composition of fluids - ANS-The electrolytes present in fluids
Electrolytes - ANS-Key ions that affect cell function
Extracellular ion - ANS-Ion present outside the cell
Retention of water - ANS-The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume
Intracellular ion - ANS-Ion present inside the cell
Membrane potential - ANS-The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane
Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing - ANS-Restoring or increasing the membrane potential
Hydrogen ion - ANS-Critical for control of pH and protein structure
Buffers - ANS-Substances that help maintain pH balance
Anionic proteins - ANS-Proteins with a negative charge
Hemoglobin - ANS-Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Carbonic acid - ANS-Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate
Respiratory system - ANS-Involved in control of pH in the plasma
Immune system - ANS-Comprised of innate and adaptive responses
Innate response - ANS-Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Granulocytes - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
, Monocytes/macrophages - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
NK cells - ANS-Type of white blood cells involved in innate response
Plasma proteins - ANS-Proteins involved in innate response
Inflammation - ANS-Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies
Signaling molecules - ANS-Molecules involved in immune response
Adaptive response - ANS-Slower response that identifies specific targets and develops
memory
Innate immunity - ANS-First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers
Physical barriers - ANS-Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory
tracts
Sloughing off of cells - ANS-Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism
Coughing and sneezing - ANS-Expelling foreign particles through airways
Flushing - ANS-Elimination of waste through urine
Vomiting - ANS-Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system
Mucus and cilia - ANS-Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory tract
Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers - ANS-Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
with antimicrobial peptides
Normal microbiome - ANS-Unique colonization of bacteria and fungi in specific locations
Inflammatory response - ANS-Nonspecific immune response to injury, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
Increased vascular permeability and leakage - ANS-Expansion of blood vessels and
release of fluid and cells into tissues
Vascular responses - ANS-Blood vessel dilation and increased blood flow
Inflammation goals - ANS-Prevent infection, initiate adaptive immune response, initiate
healing, limit and control inflammation
