BIO 669 Exam 1 with Complete Solutions
Cytokines - ANSWER-signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the inflammatory response;
they help stimulate the response to infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes
and leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and increasing or
decreasing inflammation; there are multiple types of these cells, each with their own
different roles in the inflammatory response
Chemokines - ANSWER-type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in
response to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis
and wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic proteins, macrophage
inflammatory proteins, and neutrophils
Cells that synthesize chemokines - ANSWER-macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial
cells
Interleukins - ANSWER-type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced primarily
by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there are many different types of these
cytokines
Interleukin-1 - ANSWER-pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances
inflammatory response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an endogenous
pyrogen
Endogenous pyrogen - ANSWER-molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the
hypothalamic set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that initially
you feel cold as your body temperature as risen, but then as the fever breaks and your
temperature goes back down, you feel hot
Interleukin-10 - ANSWER-anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the production of
proinflammatory cytokines of macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER-cytokine secreted by macrophages in response
to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory mediator and a
key regulatory molecule for inflammation; induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
,Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER-- Induces fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen (also produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase
fever)
- Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
TNF-A and biologic agents - ANSWER-tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of many
biologic agents that try to diminish the immune response when it is overexpressed/out
of proportion; since TNF-A enhances inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp
DOWN the inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease (autoimmune conditions where immune system is too
active)
Interferon - ANSWER-cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
inflammatory response
Interferons alpha and beta - ANSWER-Type I interferons that are produced and
released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and
other viral PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill viruses directly
Interferon gamma - ANSWER-Type II interferon that is produced primarily by
lymphocytes to activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill
infectious agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine; increases microbicidal activity
of macrophages
- Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
Mast cells - ANSWER-white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator of
the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels (skin, digestive lining,
and respiratory tract)
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic factors that
when released, can lead to a significant inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
Degranulation of mast cells - ANSWER-most common activation of mast cell chemical
release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine, serotonin, chemotactic
factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a receptor being engaged that allows for the
stimulation of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g. IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a very strong,
immediate, acute immune response (e.g. allergic asthma and other allergic responses)
Basophils - ANSWER-granulocyte found in the BLOOD that most likely act the same
way as mast cells
, - least prevalent granulocyte
- primary role unknown
Synthesis - ANSWER-method of mast cell release in which mast cells produce and
release new mediators in response to a stimulus
Histamine - ANSWER-chemical stored in mast cells and is released during
degranulation that is a vasoactive amine (many vascular effects) and causes:
- temporary, rapid constriction of the large blood vessels
- dilation of the postcapillary venules (resulting in increased blood flow into the
mcirocirculation)
- increased vascular permeability due to the retraction of endothelial cells lining the
capillaries
- allows fluid and proteins to leave the vasculature, leaking out into tissues, which
causes redness, swelling, pain, loss of function, etc. (inflammation!)
Why do antihistamines not reduce all inflammation? - ANSWER-Antihistamines can
reduce some inflammation (the vascular effects caused by histamine), but histamine is
not the only mediator released by mast cells. These mediators also have inflammatory
effects, so they cannot treat all of the effects of inflammation, only the ones caused by
histamine.
Neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis -
ANSWER-chemotactic factors contained in mast cell granules and released during
degranulation that attract eosinophils and neutrophils, promoting inflammation
Phopholipase A2 - ANSWER-mast cell synthesis can stimulate the production of this
enzyme, which takes the phospholipids from many cell membranes an dconverts them
into arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor
Arachidonic acid - ANSWER-molecule that is broken down/metabolized into
cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase; these metabolites play key roles in inflammation
Cyclooxygenase - ANSWER-enzyme that produces prostaglandins from arachidonic
acids; targeted by NSAIDs to stop inflammation due to prostaglandins (e.g. pain,
inflammation)
Prostaglandins - ANSWER-fatty acids that are produced from arachidonic acid via
cyclooxygenase that cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis, and
pain by direct effects on nerves
5-lipooxygenase - ANSWER-enzyme that produces leukotrienes from arachidonic acid
Leukotrienes - ANSWER-- produced from arachidonic acid from 5-lipooxygenase
- play a role in anaphylaxis
- have vascular effects (increased vascular permeability), like histamine
Cytokines - ANSWER-signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the inflammatory response;
they help stimulate the response to infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes
and leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and increasing or
decreasing inflammation; there are multiple types of these cells, each with their own
different roles in the inflammatory response
Chemokines - ANSWER-type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in
response to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis
and wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic proteins, macrophage
inflammatory proteins, and neutrophils
Cells that synthesize chemokines - ANSWER-macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial
cells
Interleukins - ANSWER-type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced primarily
by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there are many different types of these
cytokines
Interleukin-1 - ANSWER-pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances
inflammatory response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an endogenous
pyrogen
Endogenous pyrogen - ANSWER-molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the
hypothalamic set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that initially
you feel cold as your body temperature as risen, but then as the fever breaks and your
temperature goes back down, you feel hot
Interleukin-10 - ANSWER-anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the production of
proinflammatory cytokines of macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER-cytokine secreted by macrophages in response
to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory mediator and a
key regulatory molecule for inflammation; induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
,Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER-- Induces fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen (also produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase
fever)
- Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
TNF-A and biologic agents - ANSWER-tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of many
biologic agents that try to diminish the immune response when it is overexpressed/out
of proportion; since TNF-A enhances inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp
DOWN the inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,
psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease (autoimmune conditions where immune system is too
active)
Interferon - ANSWER-cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
inflammatory response
Interferons alpha and beta - ANSWER-Type I interferons that are produced and
released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and
other viral PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill viruses directly
Interferon gamma - ANSWER-Type II interferon that is produced primarily by
lymphocytes to activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill
infectious agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine; increases microbicidal activity
of macrophages
- Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
Mast cells - ANSWER-white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator of
the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels (skin, digestive lining,
and respiratory tract)
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic factors that
when released, can lead to a significant inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
Degranulation of mast cells - ANSWER-most common activation of mast cell chemical
release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine, serotonin, chemotactic
factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a receptor being engaged that allows for the
stimulation of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g. IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a very strong,
immediate, acute immune response (e.g. allergic asthma and other allergic responses)
Basophils - ANSWER-granulocyte found in the BLOOD that most likely act the same
way as mast cells
, - least prevalent granulocyte
- primary role unknown
Synthesis - ANSWER-method of mast cell release in which mast cells produce and
release new mediators in response to a stimulus
Histamine - ANSWER-chemical stored in mast cells and is released during
degranulation that is a vasoactive amine (many vascular effects) and causes:
- temporary, rapid constriction of the large blood vessels
- dilation of the postcapillary venules (resulting in increased blood flow into the
mcirocirculation)
- increased vascular permeability due to the retraction of endothelial cells lining the
capillaries
- allows fluid and proteins to leave the vasculature, leaking out into tissues, which
causes redness, swelling, pain, loss of function, etc. (inflammation!)
Why do antihistamines not reduce all inflammation? - ANSWER-Antihistamines can
reduce some inflammation (the vascular effects caused by histamine), but histamine is
not the only mediator released by mast cells. These mediators also have inflammatory
effects, so they cannot treat all of the effects of inflammation, only the ones caused by
histamine.
Neutrophil chemotactic factor and eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis -
ANSWER-chemotactic factors contained in mast cell granules and released during
degranulation that attract eosinophils and neutrophils, promoting inflammation
Phopholipase A2 - ANSWER-mast cell synthesis can stimulate the production of this
enzyme, which takes the phospholipids from many cell membranes an dconverts them
into arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor
Arachidonic acid - ANSWER-molecule that is broken down/metabolized into
cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase; these metabolites play key roles in inflammation
Cyclooxygenase - ANSWER-enzyme that produces prostaglandins from arachidonic
acids; targeted by NSAIDs to stop inflammation due to prostaglandins (e.g. pain,
inflammation)
Prostaglandins - ANSWER-fatty acids that are produced from arachidonic acid via
cyclooxygenase that cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis, and
pain by direct effects on nerves
5-lipooxygenase - ANSWER-enzyme that produces leukotrienes from arachidonic acid
Leukotrienes - ANSWER-- produced from arachidonic acid from 5-lipooxygenase
- play a role in anaphylaxis
- have vascular effects (increased vascular permeability), like histamine
