WCU PATHO FINAL
Endemic - ✔️✔️(adj.) native or confined to a particular region or people; characteristic
of or prevalent in a field
Subclinical - ✔️✔️Stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce
symptoms that can be detected or diagnosed.
Functions NORMALLY.
What is an example of etiology? - ✔️✔️ETIOLOGY: Study of causes or reason of
disease.
1) Latrogenic: UNKNOWN
2) Idiopathic: UNINTENDED or UNWANTED
Allostasis - ✔️✔️The body's ability to maintain a STABLE physiological environment by
adjusting and CHANGING to meet internal and external demands.
TERITARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Counseling, Rehabilitation, Management
programs, Support groups.
Goal is prevent furthur damage and maximize quality of life.
SECONDARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Interventions, Recommending, Assisting with
finding work, Assisting with medication.
Goal is to slow or stop progress.
PRIMARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Education, Legistlation, Regular exams,
Vaccinations
Goal is to protect healthy people from developing disease.
LATENT VS. PRODROMAL - ✔️✔️1) LATENT:
Exposure --- First S/S
2) PRODROMAL:
First S/S --- Disease
What hormones secrete during stress response? - ✔️✔️1) Coritsol: breakdowns fat
and protein.
,2)ACTH:
3)Epinephrine:
Released by adrenal medullas.
Selyes three phases of stress - ✔️✔️1)Alarm
2)Resistance
3)Exhaustion
The sympathetic nervous system is mediated by - ✔️✔️NOREPINEPHRINE
What are the types of intracellular accumulations? - ✔️✔️1) Normal Intracellular
accumulation: Water, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, that accumulates in EXCESS.
2) Abnormal Intracellular accumulation:
-Exogenous: minerals or infectious agent product.
-Endogenous:
-abnormal synthesis or metabolism
Types of Cellular Adaptation - ✔️✔️1) Hyperplasia: INCREASE in the NUMBER of
cells.
-EX: A benign prostatic hypertrophy in middle aged men.
2) Hypertrophy: INCREASE in the SIZE of cells
3) Atrophy: REDUCTION in the SIZE of cells.
-EX: Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs when an extremity has been immobilized.
4) Metaplasia: CHANGES to the cells to adapt to new environments.
5) Anaplasia: LOSS of cellular differentiation.
-Indication of malignant tumors.
6) Dysplasia:Cell MATURATION and differentiation are delayed.
-Loss of uniformity of cells.
-Precursor to cancer
EX: Pap smear shows dysplasia cells of the cervix
7) Neoplasia: NEW or expended GROWTH in an area of the body.
EX: Benign neoplasm is uterine fibroid tumors.
8) Apoptosis: The genetic instructions provided DNA to command CELLULAR SELF-
DESTRUCTION
Types of Necrosis - ✔️✔️1) Coagulation: Low oxygen levels (blood clot)
-Lysomal changes
-Cyltosol congeals/coagulates
, -Stroma
2) Liquifaction: Bacterial infection.
-Neutrophils creats pus.
-Cause abcesses.
3) Caseous: A slow, progressive process that produces thick, cheesy pus.
-Tuberculosis
4) Fat: Inflammatory reaction with large number of WBC.
-Inflammatory disease of pancreas.
5) Gangrenous: Combination of coagulation and liquifcation.
-Dry, Wet, Gas
What are side effects of chemotherapy? - ✔️✔️1) Anemia
2)Nausea
3)Bleeding
4) Infection
Cancer Terminology: - ✔️✔️1) oma: tumor, mass, fluid collection
2) carcinoma: cancer tumor
3) sarcoma: connective tissue tumor
Grading vs. Staging - ✔️✔️1) Grading: Histologic characterization of tumor cells.
-Degree of anaplasia.
2) Staging: Location and patterns of spread within host
-Tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node and organ involvement, distant
metatasis
What are deficits in immune system function in cancer? - ✔️✔️A) Chemotherapy
B) Cancer cells
C) Cancer metastasis to bone marrow
D) Malnutrition
What are the tumor marker functions? - ✔️✔️A) Normal cells
B) Cancer origin.
C) Identify progression of cancer.
D) Prostatic-specific antigen
Type of Hypersenseitivity - ✔️✔️1) IMMEDIATE
-Allergic reactions, mast cells dumping histamine granules.
-Ex: Hives, Urticaria, Asthma
2) CYTOXIC
Endemic - ✔️✔️(adj.) native or confined to a particular region or people; characteristic
of or prevalent in a field
Subclinical - ✔️✔️Stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce
symptoms that can be detected or diagnosed.
Functions NORMALLY.
What is an example of etiology? - ✔️✔️ETIOLOGY: Study of causes or reason of
disease.
1) Latrogenic: UNKNOWN
2) Idiopathic: UNINTENDED or UNWANTED
Allostasis - ✔️✔️The body's ability to maintain a STABLE physiological environment by
adjusting and CHANGING to meet internal and external demands.
TERITARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Counseling, Rehabilitation, Management
programs, Support groups.
Goal is prevent furthur damage and maximize quality of life.
SECONDARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Interventions, Recommending, Assisting with
finding work, Assisting with medication.
Goal is to slow or stop progress.
PRIMARY PREVENTION - ✔️✔️Ex: Education, Legistlation, Regular exams,
Vaccinations
Goal is to protect healthy people from developing disease.
LATENT VS. PRODROMAL - ✔️✔️1) LATENT:
Exposure --- First S/S
2) PRODROMAL:
First S/S --- Disease
What hormones secrete during stress response? - ✔️✔️1) Coritsol: breakdowns fat
and protein.
,2)ACTH:
3)Epinephrine:
Released by adrenal medullas.
Selyes three phases of stress - ✔️✔️1)Alarm
2)Resistance
3)Exhaustion
The sympathetic nervous system is mediated by - ✔️✔️NOREPINEPHRINE
What are the types of intracellular accumulations? - ✔️✔️1) Normal Intracellular
accumulation: Water, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, that accumulates in EXCESS.
2) Abnormal Intracellular accumulation:
-Exogenous: minerals or infectious agent product.
-Endogenous:
-abnormal synthesis or metabolism
Types of Cellular Adaptation - ✔️✔️1) Hyperplasia: INCREASE in the NUMBER of
cells.
-EX: A benign prostatic hypertrophy in middle aged men.
2) Hypertrophy: INCREASE in the SIZE of cells
3) Atrophy: REDUCTION in the SIZE of cells.
-EX: Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs when an extremity has been immobilized.
4) Metaplasia: CHANGES to the cells to adapt to new environments.
5) Anaplasia: LOSS of cellular differentiation.
-Indication of malignant tumors.
6) Dysplasia:Cell MATURATION and differentiation are delayed.
-Loss of uniformity of cells.
-Precursor to cancer
EX: Pap smear shows dysplasia cells of the cervix
7) Neoplasia: NEW or expended GROWTH in an area of the body.
EX: Benign neoplasm is uterine fibroid tumors.
8) Apoptosis: The genetic instructions provided DNA to command CELLULAR SELF-
DESTRUCTION
Types of Necrosis - ✔️✔️1) Coagulation: Low oxygen levels (blood clot)
-Lysomal changes
-Cyltosol congeals/coagulates
, -Stroma
2) Liquifaction: Bacterial infection.
-Neutrophils creats pus.
-Cause abcesses.
3) Caseous: A slow, progressive process that produces thick, cheesy pus.
-Tuberculosis
4) Fat: Inflammatory reaction with large number of WBC.
-Inflammatory disease of pancreas.
5) Gangrenous: Combination of coagulation and liquifcation.
-Dry, Wet, Gas
What are side effects of chemotherapy? - ✔️✔️1) Anemia
2)Nausea
3)Bleeding
4) Infection
Cancer Terminology: - ✔️✔️1) oma: tumor, mass, fluid collection
2) carcinoma: cancer tumor
3) sarcoma: connective tissue tumor
Grading vs. Staging - ✔️✔️1) Grading: Histologic characterization of tumor cells.
-Degree of anaplasia.
2) Staging: Location and patterns of spread within host
-Tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node and organ involvement, distant
metatasis
What are deficits in immune system function in cancer? - ✔️✔️A) Chemotherapy
B) Cancer cells
C) Cancer metastasis to bone marrow
D) Malnutrition
What are the tumor marker functions? - ✔️✔️A) Normal cells
B) Cancer origin.
C) Identify progression of cancer.
D) Prostatic-specific antigen
Type of Hypersenseitivity - ✔️✔️1) IMMEDIATE
-Allergic reactions, mast cells dumping histamine granules.
-Ex: Hives, Urticaria, Asthma
2) CYTOXIC
