HCAP 130 Final Exam

Health - A state of "complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." One in a Billion - WHO works worldwide to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. Our goal is to ensure that a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies, and provide a further billion people with better health and well-being. Wellness - Often used interchangeably with Health. It is achieving the best health possible in all six dimensions of health despite limitations. Mortality - Death rate statistic Healing - Any movement towards health. A change in the way of viewing things Morbidity - Illness rates. Ratio of number of sick people to well people Lifespan - Length of life in years Longevity - Long duration of life Life expectancy - Number of years a person is expected to live. Holistic - Aspects of health and wellness with emphasis on the whole versus parts. Health Promotion - The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Happens slowly. Requires educational, organizational, environmental and financial supports. The goal is to prevent disease by healthy living and good health care Prevention - Taking positive actions now to avoid becoming sick or less well later. (Immunizations, practicing safer sex, not smoking, exercising, stress management, etc.) Prejudice - to judge, label, or have a bias against someone before meeting them. (Stereotyping, labeling, judging, having assumptions) Ageism - Discrimination based on age Enable - to make possible Norm - customs, usual Deviation - to go against the norm Physical Health - Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness. What are some characteristics of physically healthy people? - Able to complete ADL's; Living smoke free; Drinking alcohol moderately; Good sleep; Following safety factors (helmet); Seeking medical attention when needed Social Health - The ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, interact with others and adapt to various situations and to daily behaviours. Socially healthy people... - ...treat others with respect, warmth, and openness. They like and trust others. People with poor social health may show little regard for others and may use others for their own gain. Few people enjoy strong social health all through life. Intellectual Health - The ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically and use brain power effectively to meet life's challenges. It means the ability to learn from success and failures and make responsible decisions that take all aspects of a situation into consideration. (Problem solving ability) It's achieved by keeping the mind active and creative throughout life. Emotional Health - Feeling component and the ability to express emotions when appropriate and to control inappropriate expressions of emotion. It's not only the absence of negative emotions but the ability to function well in and adapt appropriately to circumstances whatever they may be. Characteristics of emotionally healthy people - They feel good about themselves. They have high self-esteem, self-control and self awareness. They are able to give and receive from others without worrying about being hurt or rejected. Spiritual Health - Feeling of unity with the environment. A sense of meaning or value in life. To feel that you have a purpose in life. Spiritual health is achieved through... - ...the belief in a purpose greater than the self. It may or may not involve being a member of a formal religion, or even believing in a higher being. What are some characteristics of spiritually healthy people? - Have a clear understanding of what they believe to be right and wrong and their behaviours reflect their belief. They feel that their life has meaning. They are more concerned with personal fulfillment than material things. Compassion, honesty, humility, forgiveness and charity are elements of spiritual health. Factors that Affect Health - Heredity; genes, physical and mental traits from one generation to another. Genetic predisposition to specific illness is a major determiner of health. Chance of heart disease or cancer. Age - affects one's risk of injury or susceptibility to illness. Injuries more common in young children and elderly. Environment - where we live (is it safe), pollution, stressors, society (influences behaviour) Social and Economic Environment - Poverty and lack of social support affects one's ability to meet the basic needs of food, shelter, love and belonging, etc. These issues cause or add to the stress and are strongly related to problems in health and well being. Lifestyle - THE BIGGEST FACTOR. Choices, smoking/exercise/nutrition/ stress/religion Heart disease number 1 cause of death, taking an estimated... - ...17.9 million lives each year (WHO). Value, Beliefs, and Attitudes - Do you believe that taking drugs is bad for you or do you believe that taking drugs will make you more popular, help you relax, etc? Negative Attitudes - "why me?" versus "it's in my control" Prejudice Against Women - Less research done with women involved than men because researches don't want the variable of the woman's menstrual cycle. Economics - Diet/accessibility. Can't afford healthy diet or can't get themselves to a doctor or health clinic. Education - don't know, no reason to change. Increasing your knowledge of health is one way to lessen risks to your health. Culture and/or Religion - can influence whether or not a person will seek out medical treatment, take prescribed medications, take herbal or nonmedicinal supplements or even accept care from someone who is not a family member. Culture - The characteristics of a group of people. May included: language, habits, values, beliefs, implied rules of behaviour, traditions or customs. We can belong to many different cultures at one time. Race - A distinct ethnic group characterized by traits transmitted genetically Religion - Set of beliefs, practices or code of conduct. Established doctrines or beliefs, rituals, practices, books, etc. Usually in groups Spirituality - A sense of something greater than oneself. A sense of purpose, of meaning in life. Very individual. Facts about Spirituality - Our spirituality is at the core of our being and influences all other dimensions. Through development of spiritual health we learn to meet our needs (love and belonging, self-esteem, selffulfillment). May involve a belief in a particular religion. Gives us direction, purpose and meaning. Society plays a large role, at times, in our quest for spirituality. Advertising urges us to seek happiness through ownership. Benefits to being spiritually healthy - Interconnectedness with others and yourself. Improved physical well-being. Helps to heal emotional injuries. Provides a sense of peace during times of stress or discomfort. Enhancing Your Spirituality - Give yourself time. We learn as we age and with life experience. Take time for reflection. Volunteer. Nutrition - the science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the elements of the food we eat. Nutrients - Elements of food that sustains us physiologically (keeps our bodies functioning) Hunger - the feeling that comes with the physiological need to eat Appetite - the desire to eat Kilo/Calorie - a unit of measure - how much energy we get from a particular food. Factors Affecting Nutrition - Income, Religion, Illness, Allergies and Intolerances, Personal Preference, Atmosphere, Family Customs, Lifestyle The Food Environment - "the aspects of the social and physical environment that affect the types of food available, the accessibility of food, and the nutrition information that people are exposed to, including food marketing. All these aspects of the food environment can influence food choices." Nutrients pt. 2 - Our bodies cannot produce essential nutrients. Before foods can be used, they must be broken down (the digestive process). Saliva starts the digestive process. Fluid secreted by the salivary glands which contains enzymes to assist in digestion of some foods. Factors Affecting Nutrient Needed - Key word is NEEDED. Sex and Age. Activity Level. Season. Health. Essential Nutrients - Water, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fibre, Vitamins, Minerals, and Fats Water - Most essential nutrient. Our body weights are 50 - 60% water. We lose water through breathing, sweating, urinating, etc. Water is the major component of blood Function of water - • Bathes cells • Aides in fluid and electrolyte balance • Maintains pH balance • Provides the vehicle for transportation of nutrients and waste to and from our cells • Helps to regulate temperature control Dehydration - Lack of water in our tissues. Leads to death in less than a week Edema - Excess fluid in tissues Adding more Water - Limit caffeinated beverages (but water is not the only beverage that will increase hydration). Have hot water instead of tea/coffee - or try different temperatures. Add lemon, lime, fruit slices, mint, etc. to water bottle. Eat fruits and vegetables with high water content. Protein - • Next to water, protein is the most abundant substance in the body • 1 gm = 4 kcal • Every chemical reaction that occurs in our bodies relies on amino acids and the proteins that they build • Necessary for development and repair of bone, muscle, skin and blood • They are the key elements of antibodies and hormones • Not normally used for energy