NR667 CHAMBERLAIN CEA WEEK
8 EXIT EXAM / 400+ ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+.
,1. Blood Flow ANSWER Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Aorta Body Tiss Cava Right ues Vena
Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Lungs
2. Symptoms with right vs left side heart blockage ANSWER · Blockage on the left side of the heart backs up and
causes lung symptoms
· Blockage on the right side of the heart backs up and causes body symptoms (peripheral edema)
3. HNC8 HTN Guidelines ANSWER Defined as 140/90
Treatment algorithm ANSWER
Less than 60 years old - 140/90
> 60 years old - Defined as 150/90 (more leniency b/c we do not want to drop their BP too low)
4. What hypertension medication should someone with DM and/or CKD be on? ANSWER ACE or ARB
(protects kidneys)
5. What HTN medication should an African American pt be on? ANSWER CCB
6. What HTN medications should be used in patients with heart failure? ANSWER Carve- diolol and Thiazide
diuretics
7. Common side effects from ACE inhibitors ANSWER cough, angioedema
8. What HTN medication is contraindicated if an ACE inhibitor caused an- gioedema? ANSWER ARB
9. What HTN medication should a heart failure pt NEVER be on? ANSWER CCB (These cause the
heart to "relax" which is not good in HF pts)
10. 2 types of CCBs ANSWER Dihydropyridines & Non-dihydropyridines
11. What are dihydropyridine CCBs used for? ANSWER BP control
12. Example of a dihydropyridine CCB and side effects ANSWER Amlodipine Bradycardic side
effects, peripheral edema, constipation
13. What are non-dihydropyridine CCBs used for? ANSWER arrhythmias
14. Example of a non-dihydropyridine CCB and side effects ANSWER cardizem Tachycardic side
effects/palpitations - these meds were peripherally and have a rebound tachycardia
15. The atria (top chambers of the heart) work on which electrolytes? ANSWER K+ (potassium) and Ca
(calcium)
16. The ventricles (bottom chambers of the heart) work on which electrolytes?-
ANSWER Na (sodium) and K+ (potassium)
17. Conditions in the atria needs medications that work on K+ or Ca such as
.. ANSWER Cardizem (CCB) or Amiodarone (potassium channel blocker)
,18. Conditions in the ventricles needs medications that work on K+ or Na such as .. ANSWER Amiodarone
(potassium channel blocker)
19. What class of medications could be used for atrial and ventricular condi- tions? ANSWER Beta-blockers or
potassium channel blocker (Amiodarone)
20. What is the percentage of EF for someone with HF with reduced EF? ANSWER < 40%
21. What is the percentage of EF for someone with HF with preserved EF? ANSWER 40 or greater
22. HF patients with reduced EF need to be on what medications? ANSWER Carvedilol, loop diuretic, ACE, or
ARB
23. What type of diuretics are more potent? ANSWER Loop diuretics
24. Which hypertensive medications are "cardio-protective"? ANSWER ACEs and ARBs
25. Functional classes of HF (NYHA) ANSWER ANSWER
26. ANSWER I ANSWER No sx
II ANSWER Sx w/ moderate exertion III
ANSWER Sx w ADLs
IV ANSWER Sx at rest
27. What is the ASCVD risk score? ANSWER measurement of a pt's 10 yr risk of an adverse cardiac event
28. What are the high-intensity statins? ANSWER Atorvastatin 40-80 mg Rosuvastatin
20-40 mg
29. What happens during S1 heart sounds? ANSWER mitral valve closes and aortic valve opens
30. Which structural heart condition can cause syncope or near-syncope? ANSWER -
Aortic stenosis
31. Which structural heart condition cause a harsh, high-pitches sound that can be heard in the neck or on the
right side of the chest near the 2nd intercostal space? ANSWER Aortic regurgitation/insufficiency
32. Which structural heart condition is very loud and can be heard on the lower left side of the chest? ANSWER
Mitral regurgitation/insufficiency
33. What are the 2 most common places for a AAA? ANSWER infra-renal and ascending aorta
34. Which aortic aneurysm requires surgery right away? ANSWER Stanford A (ascend- ing)
35. Which aortic aneurysm is often treated medically or with a possible graft (but does not often need surgery)?
ANSWER Stanford B (descending)
36. What is a medical intervention that should be done for a patient with a Stanford B aneurysm?
ANSWER Keep BP low
, 37. What class medication should NEVER be given to a patient with an aneurysm or any sort of connective
tissue disorder? ANSWER flouroquinolones (end in "floxicin")
38. What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins? (stay in the body for a long time) ANSWER -
ADEK
39. What percentage of pulmonary emboli or DVTs are provoked? ANSWER 70%
40. How long should a patient with a provoked PE or DVT be treated with an anticoagulant? ANSWER at
least 3 months
41. How long should a patient with a non-provoked PE or DVT be treated with an anticoagulant? ANSWER at
least 3 months, but could be lifelong if any recurrence
42. What is the Virchow's triad? ANSWER 3 broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to
thrombosis
43. What are things that could contribute to a provoked PE or DVT? ANSWER Anesthe- sia, immobility,
pregnancy, hypercoagulable state, DVT, cancer, hormone replace- ment
44. What are the 3 things that make up the Virchow's triad? ANSWER Venous stasis Hypercoagulability
Endothelial injury
45. What testing should be done first to look for peripheral artery disease? ANSWER -
ankle-brachial index (BP will be lower on the ankles vs arms)
46. What test will confirm a diagnosis of PAD? ANSWER angiography
47. Symptoms of PAD ANSWER pale, waxy, hairless legs
pain with ambulation that improves with cessation of ambulation
48. Treatment for PAD ANSWER stents of bypass of vessels Anti-
platelet medications
Statins for lipid management
Lifestyle modifications and management of co-morbidities (diabetes)
-smoking cessation
-daily ambulation
49. Treatment of intermittent claudication ANSWER Anti-platelet/aspirin
Lifestyle modifications and management of co-morbidities (diabetes, HTN, hyperlipi- demia)
-smoking cessation
Exercise (walking through the pain)
50. Symptoms of acute tamponade ANSWER narrowed pulse pressures, tachycardia, JVD, muffled heart tones
51. What cardiac arrhythmia has an irregularly, irregular rhythm with no visible P waves? ANSWER Atrial
8 EXIT EXAM / 400+ ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+.
,1. Blood Flow ANSWER Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Aorta Body Tiss Cava Right ues Vena
Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Lungs
2. Symptoms with right vs left side heart blockage ANSWER · Blockage on the left side of the heart backs up and
causes lung symptoms
· Blockage on the right side of the heart backs up and causes body symptoms (peripheral edema)
3. HNC8 HTN Guidelines ANSWER Defined as 140/90
Treatment algorithm ANSWER
Less than 60 years old - 140/90
> 60 years old - Defined as 150/90 (more leniency b/c we do not want to drop their BP too low)
4. What hypertension medication should someone with DM and/or CKD be on? ANSWER ACE or ARB
(protects kidneys)
5. What HTN medication should an African American pt be on? ANSWER CCB
6. What HTN medications should be used in patients with heart failure? ANSWER Carve- diolol and Thiazide
diuretics
7. Common side effects from ACE inhibitors ANSWER cough, angioedema
8. What HTN medication is contraindicated if an ACE inhibitor caused an- gioedema? ANSWER ARB
9. What HTN medication should a heart failure pt NEVER be on? ANSWER CCB (These cause the
heart to "relax" which is not good in HF pts)
10. 2 types of CCBs ANSWER Dihydropyridines & Non-dihydropyridines
11. What are dihydropyridine CCBs used for? ANSWER BP control
12. Example of a dihydropyridine CCB and side effects ANSWER Amlodipine Bradycardic side
effects, peripheral edema, constipation
13. What are non-dihydropyridine CCBs used for? ANSWER arrhythmias
14. Example of a non-dihydropyridine CCB and side effects ANSWER cardizem Tachycardic side
effects/palpitations - these meds were peripherally and have a rebound tachycardia
15. The atria (top chambers of the heart) work on which electrolytes? ANSWER K+ (potassium) and Ca
(calcium)
16. The ventricles (bottom chambers of the heart) work on which electrolytes?-
ANSWER Na (sodium) and K+ (potassium)
17. Conditions in the atria needs medications that work on K+ or Ca such as
.. ANSWER Cardizem (CCB) or Amiodarone (potassium channel blocker)
,18. Conditions in the ventricles needs medications that work on K+ or Na such as .. ANSWER Amiodarone
(potassium channel blocker)
19. What class of medications could be used for atrial and ventricular condi- tions? ANSWER Beta-blockers or
potassium channel blocker (Amiodarone)
20. What is the percentage of EF for someone with HF with reduced EF? ANSWER < 40%
21. What is the percentage of EF for someone with HF with preserved EF? ANSWER 40 or greater
22. HF patients with reduced EF need to be on what medications? ANSWER Carvedilol, loop diuretic, ACE, or
ARB
23. What type of diuretics are more potent? ANSWER Loop diuretics
24. Which hypertensive medications are "cardio-protective"? ANSWER ACEs and ARBs
25. Functional classes of HF (NYHA) ANSWER ANSWER
26. ANSWER I ANSWER No sx
II ANSWER Sx w/ moderate exertion III
ANSWER Sx w ADLs
IV ANSWER Sx at rest
27. What is the ASCVD risk score? ANSWER measurement of a pt's 10 yr risk of an adverse cardiac event
28. What are the high-intensity statins? ANSWER Atorvastatin 40-80 mg Rosuvastatin
20-40 mg
29. What happens during S1 heart sounds? ANSWER mitral valve closes and aortic valve opens
30. Which structural heart condition can cause syncope or near-syncope? ANSWER -
Aortic stenosis
31. Which structural heart condition cause a harsh, high-pitches sound that can be heard in the neck or on the
right side of the chest near the 2nd intercostal space? ANSWER Aortic regurgitation/insufficiency
32. Which structural heart condition is very loud and can be heard on the lower left side of the chest? ANSWER
Mitral regurgitation/insufficiency
33. What are the 2 most common places for a AAA? ANSWER infra-renal and ascending aorta
34. Which aortic aneurysm requires surgery right away? ANSWER Stanford A (ascend- ing)
35. Which aortic aneurysm is often treated medically or with a possible graft (but does not often need surgery)?
ANSWER Stanford B (descending)
36. What is a medical intervention that should be done for a patient with a Stanford B aneurysm?
ANSWER Keep BP low
, 37. What class medication should NEVER be given to a patient with an aneurysm or any sort of connective
tissue disorder? ANSWER flouroquinolones (end in "floxicin")
38. What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins? (stay in the body for a long time) ANSWER -
ADEK
39. What percentage of pulmonary emboli or DVTs are provoked? ANSWER 70%
40. How long should a patient with a provoked PE or DVT be treated with an anticoagulant? ANSWER at
least 3 months
41. How long should a patient with a non-provoked PE or DVT be treated with an anticoagulant? ANSWER at
least 3 months, but could be lifelong if any recurrence
42. What is the Virchow's triad? ANSWER 3 broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to
thrombosis
43. What are things that could contribute to a provoked PE or DVT? ANSWER Anesthe- sia, immobility,
pregnancy, hypercoagulable state, DVT, cancer, hormone replace- ment
44. What are the 3 things that make up the Virchow's triad? ANSWER Venous stasis Hypercoagulability
Endothelial injury
45. What testing should be done first to look for peripheral artery disease? ANSWER -
ankle-brachial index (BP will be lower on the ankles vs arms)
46. What test will confirm a diagnosis of PAD? ANSWER angiography
47. Symptoms of PAD ANSWER pale, waxy, hairless legs
pain with ambulation that improves with cessation of ambulation
48. Treatment for PAD ANSWER stents of bypass of vessels Anti-
platelet medications
Statins for lipid management
Lifestyle modifications and management of co-morbidities (diabetes)
-smoking cessation
-daily ambulation
49. Treatment of intermittent claudication ANSWER Anti-platelet/aspirin
Lifestyle modifications and management of co-morbidities (diabetes, HTN, hyperlipi- demia)
-smoking cessation
Exercise (walking through the pain)
50. Symptoms of acute tamponade ANSWER narrowed pulse pressures, tachycardia, JVD, muffled heart tones
51. What cardiac arrhythmia has an irregularly, irregular rhythm with no visible P waves? ANSWER Atrial
