phil 201 exam study guide with complete
solution
-> - ANSConditional (if-then)
Identify the main connective in: (C v ~(A & D)) -> (B & D) - ANS->
"consistent" - ANSA set of claims is called _____ when it is possible for all of the claims
to be true at the same time.
"only"/ "only if" - ANSThe words ____ and ____ precede the predicate term in a
universal affirmative statement
"some" - ANSat least one
"some" - ANSTranslate "most," "a few," "several," "almost all," and similar terms as
"the only" - ANSThe words ______ precede the subject term in a universal affirmative
statement
(~A& B) v ~(C & ~(B v D))
F T F T TT F F F T T F - ANS(~A & B) v ~(C & ~(B v D))
(A -> ~(~C -> B)) & (D v ~B)
T F F TF T T F F F FT - ANS(A -> ~(~C -> B)) & (D v ~B)
(D & ~A) -> (~B -> ~(A v C))
F F FT T FT T F T T T - ANS(D & ~A) -> (~B -> ~(A v C))
(logically) equivalent - ANSA set of claims is _____ when they have the same
truth-value for each truth-value assignment of the variables
[Translation] All artists are geniuses. - ANS[Original] If someone is an artist, (then) they
are a genius.
[Translation] All artists are geniuses. - ANS[Original] Whoever is an artist is a genius.
,[Translation] All dogs are loyal animals. - ANS[Original] All dogs are loyal.
[Translation] All hockey players are athletes. - ANS[Original] Every/each hockey player
is an athlete.
[Translation] All persons identical to Jamie Foxx are actors. - ANS[Original] Jamie Foxx
is an actor.
[Translation] All prosecuted crimes are murders. - ANS[Original] The only crimes
prosecuted are murders.
[Translation] All real junk foods are hamburgers. - ANS[Original] Hamburgers are the
only real junk food.
[Translation] All WAV files are music files. - ANS[Original] Only if something is a music
file is it a WAV file.
[Translation] All wise advisers are palm readers. - ANS[Original] Only palm readers are
wise advisers.
[Translation] Some guys are people who have all the luck. - ANS[Original] Some guys
have all the luck.
[Translation] Some redwood trees are trees that stood beyond the mountains. -
ANS[Original] Beyond the mountains stood the redwood trees.
[Translation] Some Trent University students are radicals. - ANS[Original] Trent
University students are radicals.
& - ANSConjuncation (and)
& - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
(A -> ~~C) & (D v ~B)
~ - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
~ - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
~(~A -> (B & ~(C & D)))
,~ - ANSNegation (not)
~ (A v ~ D) B v ~A D -> (C v B) C
T F F F T T T TF F T F T T F - ANS~(A v ~D)
B v ~A
D -> (C v B)
Therefore, C.
~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
F F T TF T T T T T T - ANS~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
~(A & B) - ANS"It is false that both A and B" is translated as:
~(A v B) - ANS"Neither A nor B" is translated as
A -> B - ANS"A only if B" is translated into propositional logic as
A & C ~ B -> C D -> ~ A ~ A v (B & C) D
T T T F T T T F T F T F T T T T T F - ANSA & C
~B -> C
D -> ~A
~A v (B & C)
Therefore, D.
a conjunction truth table. - ANSP Q
P&Q
TTT
TFF
FTF
FFF
A double negation ((~)(~)) - ANSis the same thing as no negation.
A is T and B is F. - ANSIf the set of sentences above was consistent, what were the
truth values of A and B?
A negative categorical statement - ANSdenies that one class is entirely or partly
included in another.
, a representative sample - ANSthe right sample size for a population, doesn't guarantee
having
A valid categorical syllogism - ANSCan't have a false conclusion
A valid categorical syllogism - ANSis such that if its premises are true, its conclusion
must be true.
All persons identical with John Brown are plumbers - ANSTranslate this singular
statement into categorical form.
John Brown is a plumber.
All tangy things are oranges; all bitter things are tangy things; therefore, all bitter things
are oranges. - ANSPlease translation of this argument into categorical logic:
Since only if something is tangy is it bitter, only oranges are bitter; this is because the
only tangy things are oranges.
All things identical with Herc are cats. - ANSTranslate this singular statement into
categorical form.
Herc is a cat.
An affirmative categorical statement - ANSaffirms that one class is entirely or partly
included in another.
An analogical induction (or argument by analogy) - ANSreasons this way: because two
or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further
respect.
An analogy - ANScan be used to argue inductively for a conclusion.
analogy - ANSAn _____ is a comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects.
antecedent is true and its consequent is false. - ANSA conditional is false if and only if
its
Apart from the subject and predicate terms, the parts of the categorical statement are -
ANScopula
Apart from the subject and predicate terms, the parts of the categorical statement are -
ANSquantifier
solution
-> - ANSConditional (if-then)
Identify the main connective in: (C v ~(A & D)) -> (B & D) - ANS->
"consistent" - ANSA set of claims is called _____ when it is possible for all of the claims
to be true at the same time.
"only"/ "only if" - ANSThe words ____ and ____ precede the predicate term in a
universal affirmative statement
"some" - ANSat least one
"some" - ANSTranslate "most," "a few," "several," "almost all," and similar terms as
"the only" - ANSThe words ______ precede the subject term in a universal affirmative
statement
(~A& B) v ~(C & ~(B v D))
F T F T TT F F F T T F - ANS(~A & B) v ~(C & ~(B v D))
(A -> ~(~C -> B)) & (D v ~B)
T F F TF T T F F F FT - ANS(A -> ~(~C -> B)) & (D v ~B)
(D & ~A) -> (~B -> ~(A v C))
F F FT T FT T F T T T - ANS(D & ~A) -> (~B -> ~(A v C))
(logically) equivalent - ANSA set of claims is _____ when they have the same
truth-value for each truth-value assignment of the variables
[Translation] All artists are geniuses. - ANS[Original] If someone is an artist, (then) they
are a genius.
[Translation] All artists are geniuses. - ANS[Original] Whoever is an artist is a genius.
,[Translation] All dogs are loyal animals. - ANS[Original] All dogs are loyal.
[Translation] All hockey players are athletes. - ANS[Original] Every/each hockey player
is an athlete.
[Translation] All persons identical to Jamie Foxx are actors. - ANS[Original] Jamie Foxx
is an actor.
[Translation] All prosecuted crimes are murders. - ANS[Original] The only crimes
prosecuted are murders.
[Translation] All real junk foods are hamburgers. - ANS[Original] Hamburgers are the
only real junk food.
[Translation] All WAV files are music files. - ANS[Original] Only if something is a music
file is it a WAV file.
[Translation] All wise advisers are palm readers. - ANS[Original] Only palm readers are
wise advisers.
[Translation] Some guys are people who have all the luck. - ANS[Original] Some guys
have all the luck.
[Translation] Some redwood trees are trees that stood beyond the mountains. -
ANS[Original] Beyond the mountains stood the redwood trees.
[Translation] Some Trent University students are radicals. - ANS[Original] Trent
University students are radicals.
& - ANSConjuncation (and)
& - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
(A -> ~~C) & (D v ~B)
~ - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
~ - ANSIdentify the main connective in:
~(~A -> (B & ~(C & D)))
,~ - ANSNegation (not)
~ (A v ~ D) B v ~A D -> (C v B) C
T F F F T T T TF F T F T T F - ANS~(A v ~D)
B v ~A
D -> (C v B)
Therefore, C.
~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
F F T TF T T T T T T - ANS~(((C v ~D) -> B) & (A v B))
~(A & B) - ANS"It is false that both A and B" is translated as:
~(A v B) - ANS"Neither A nor B" is translated as
A -> B - ANS"A only if B" is translated into propositional logic as
A & C ~ B -> C D -> ~ A ~ A v (B & C) D
T T T F T T T F T F T F T T T T T F - ANSA & C
~B -> C
D -> ~A
~A v (B & C)
Therefore, D.
a conjunction truth table. - ANSP Q
P&Q
TTT
TFF
FTF
FFF
A double negation ((~)(~)) - ANSis the same thing as no negation.
A is T and B is F. - ANSIf the set of sentences above was consistent, what were the
truth values of A and B?
A negative categorical statement - ANSdenies that one class is entirely or partly
included in another.
, a representative sample - ANSthe right sample size for a population, doesn't guarantee
having
A valid categorical syllogism - ANSCan't have a false conclusion
A valid categorical syllogism - ANSis such that if its premises are true, its conclusion
must be true.
All persons identical with John Brown are plumbers - ANSTranslate this singular
statement into categorical form.
John Brown is a plumber.
All tangy things are oranges; all bitter things are tangy things; therefore, all bitter things
are oranges. - ANSPlease translation of this argument into categorical logic:
Since only if something is tangy is it bitter, only oranges are bitter; this is because the
only tangy things are oranges.
All things identical with Herc are cats. - ANSTranslate this singular statement into
categorical form.
Herc is a cat.
An affirmative categorical statement - ANSaffirms that one class is entirely or partly
included in another.
An analogical induction (or argument by analogy) - ANSreasons this way: because two
or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further
respect.
An analogy - ANScan be used to argue inductively for a conclusion.
analogy - ANSAn _____ is a comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects.
antecedent is true and its consequent is false. - ANSA conditional is false if and only if
its
Apart from the subject and predicate terms, the parts of the categorical statement are -
ANScopula
Apart from the subject and predicate terms, the parts of the categorical statement are -
ANSquantifier
