NRS 525 - Module 4 Test With Correct Solution
What are varicose veins? - ANSWER Disease of the vein where the blood has pooled.
Caused by incompetent valves, venous obstruction, muscle pump dysfunction, or a
combination of these.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the
body, especially the heart muscles.
What is DVT? - ANSWER Clot in a large vein. There is an obstruction of venous flow
leading to increased venous pressure.
What factors lead to DVT? - ANSWER Virchow's triad: venous stasis, venous intimal
damage, hypercoagulable states
What is thrombosis? - ANSWER Clot
What is Thromboembolus? - ANSWER Traveling blood clot, can lead to pulmonary
elmboli
What is Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome? - ANSWER progressive occlusion of the
SVC that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head.
What are the causes of SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Obstruction of the vein, by cancers
and lymphoma
What are clinical symptoms of SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Edema; venous distinction of
face, neck, trunk, upper extremities; cyanosis; dyspnea, dysphasia, hoarseness, strider,
cough, and chest pain; CNS changes; respiratory distress.
What is the treatment for SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Radiation and chemotherapy
What is hypertension? - ANSWER abnormally high blood pressure (greater than 140/90)
What is isolated systolic hypertension? - ANSWER Elevated systolic blood pressure with
normal diastolic BP
Primary (Essential) Hypertension: - ANSWER No identifiable cause; genetic and
environmental factors
Secondary Hypertension: - ANSWER High BP caused by an underlying primary disease
or drug. Systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac
output.
Effects of Hypertension: - ANSWER Affects the entire cardiovascular system, increases
risk for MI, kidney disease, and stroke
Significant factor of Systolic Hypertension? - ANSWER Most significant factor in causing
, target organ damage
What are the risk factors for Hypertension? - ANSWER Positive family history, advancing
age, increased sodium intake, diabetics, heavy alcohol users, obesity, cigarettes, being
African - American, Gender: female<70; Male<55, decreases potassium
What can hypertension be caused by? - ANSWER Increases in cardiac output, total
peripheral resistance, or both.
- Cardiac output increased: any condition that increases heart rate or stroke volume
- Peripheral resistance increased: any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces
vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
What is Malignant Hypertension? - ANSWER Rapidly progressive hypertension, diastolic
pressure usually >140mmHg, can lead to encephalopathy
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension - ANSWER Early stages have none other than
elevated blood pressure.
Treatment of Hypertension (excluding drugs) - ANSWER Reducing or eliminating risk
factors, DASH diet, cessation of smoking, exercise program
Treatment of Hypertension: Drugs - ANSWER ACE inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone
antagonists (Effective for those with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, after an MI, or
a recurrent stroke)
calcium channel blockers, combination
An individual has primary hypertension and recurrent strokes. Which drug should the
nurse administer? - ANSWER ACE inhibitor
What is Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension? - ANSWER a drop in systolic blood pressure
of more than 20 mmHg or drop in diastolic blood pressure of than 10 mmHg when
standing up. Due to gravitational changes and the BP response with circulation, leading
to pooling and vasodilation.
Clinical manifestations of Orthostatic Hypotension? - ANSWER Fainting when standing
Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension? - ANSWER Liberalize salt intake, raise the head
of the bed, wear thigh - high stockings, expand volume with mineralocorticoids, and
administer vasoconstrictors (midodrine)
What is an Aneurysm? - ANSWER Dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber.
What is a True Aneurysm? - ANSWER involves all 3 layers of arterial wall
What is a False Aneurysm? - ANSWER does not affect all three layers of the vessel, a
leak between a vascular graft and an artery.
What are varicose veins? - ANSWER Disease of the vein where the blood has pooled.
Caused by incompetent valves, venous obstruction, muscle pump dysfunction, or a
combination of these.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the
body, especially the heart muscles.
What is DVT? - ANSWER Clot in a large vein. There is an obstruction of venous flow
leading to increased venous pressure.
What factors lead to DVT? - ANSWER Virchow's triad: venous stasis, venous intimal
damage, hypercoagulable states
What is thrombosis? - ANSWER Clot
What is Thromboembolus? - ANSWER Traveling blood clot, can lead to pulmonary
elmboli
What is Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome? - ANSWER progressive occlusion of the
SVC that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head.
What are the causes of SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Obstruction of the vein, by cancers
and lymphoma
What are clinical symptoms of SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Edema; venous distinction of
face, neck, trunk, upper extremities; cyanosis; dyspnea, dysphasia, hoarseness, strider,
cough, and chest pain; CNS changes; respiratory distress.
What is the treatment for SVC Syndrome? - ANSWER Radiation and chemotherapy
What is hypertension? - ANSWER abnormally high blood pressure (greater than 140/90)
What is isolated systolic hypertension? - ANSWER Elevated systolic blood pressure with
normal diastolic BP
Primary (Essential) Hypertension: - ANSWER No identifiable cause; genetic and
environmental factors
Secondary Hypertension: - ANSWER High BP caused by an underlying primary disease
or drug. Systemic disease that raises peripheral vascular resistance and/or cardiac
output.
Effects of Hypertension: - ANSWER Affects the entire cardiovascular system, increases
risk for MI, kidney disease, and stroke
Significant factor of Systolic Hypertension? - ANSWER Most significant factor in causing
, target organ damage
What are the risk factors for Hypertension? - ANSWER Positive family history, advancing
age, increased sodium intake, diabetics, heavy alcohol users, obesity, cigarettes, being
African - American, Gender: female<70; Male<55, decreases potassium
What can hypertension be caused by? - ANSWER Increases in cardiac output, total
peripheral resistance, or both.
- Cardiac output increased: any condition that increases heart rate or stroke volume
- Peripheral resistance increased: any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces
vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
What is Malignant Hypertension? - ANSWER Rapidly progressive hypertension, diastolic
pressure usually >140mmHg, can lead to encephalopathy
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension - ANSWER Early stages have none other than
elevated blood pressure.
Treatment of Hypertension (excluding drugs) - ANSWER Reducing or eliminating risk
factors, DASH diet, cessation of smoking, exercise program
Treatment of Hypertension: Drugs - ANSWER ACE inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone
antagonists (Effective for those with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, after an MI, or
a recurrent stroke)
calcium channel blockers, combination
An individual has primary hypertension and recurrent strokes. Which drug should the
nurse administer? - ANSWER ACE inhibitor
What is Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension? - ANSWER a drop in systolic blood pressure
of more than 20 mmHg or drop in diastolic blood pressure of than 10 mmHg when
standing up. Due to gravitational changes and the BP response with circulation, leading
to pooling and vasodilation.
Clinical manifestations of Orthostatic Hypotension? - ANSWER Fainting when standing
Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension? - ANSWER Liberalize salt intake, raise the head
of the bed, wear thigh - high stockings, expand volume with mineralocorticoids, and
administer vasoconstrictors (midodrine)
What is an Aneurysm? - ANSWER Dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber.
What is a True Aneurysm? - ANSWER involves all 3 layers of arterial wall
What is a False Aneurysm? - ANSWER does not affect all three layers of the vessel, a
leak between a vascular graft and an artery.
