PHRM 5401 Exam 1 Study Set With
Complete Solution
how does the body react when an infection occurs - ANSWER Infections --> inflammation
--> innate immune response
Innate immunity is mediated by.... - ANSWER effector mechanisms
complement + effector cells (cytokines-- signaling protein)
Cytokines - ANSWER Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the
brain.
Vasodilation of the blood vessels
increase of blood flow to site of infections
have different effect on different tissue
travels in blood to sites throughout the body
What symptoms are caused by the immune system's response at the site of infections? -
ANSWER calor (heat)
tumor (swelling/edema)
rubor (redness)
dolor (pain)
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER highly specialized and specific
does colonel selection, clonal expansion, then effector cell differentiation
is called up from lymphocytes
slow response (days to weeks)
variable
improved during response
Innate immunity - ANSWER rapid response (hours)
fixed (from genes)
limited number of specificities
,constant during response
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - ANSWER a common progenitor cells that all
leukocytes (and erythrocytes) derive from
self renewing throughout life
Progenitor cells - ANSWER intermediary progenitor cells give rise to precursor cells,
which eventually give rise to effector cells
What are the major families of cells? - ANSWER Lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells
Erythroid cells
(M.E.L)
What site of hematopoiesis in humans changes during development? - ANSWER yolk sac
--> fetal liver and spleen --> bone marrow (forever)
What cells are found in mostly innate immunity? - ANSWER neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, monocytes (macrophages), NK cells
mast cells*
What are found in mostly adaptive immunity? - ANSWER B cells --> plasma cells
T cells --> effector cells
dendritic cells*
describe the basic function of B cells? - ANSWER B cells --> plasma cells --> antibodies
production
What is the basic function of T cells? - ANSWER T cells --> B cells activation
--> macrophage activation (Th1)
--> cytoxoxic cell death (CTL)
What Is the basic function of neutrophils? - ANSWER engulfment and destruction of the
BACTERIA
RECRUITS TO A SITE OF INFECTION TO RAPIDLY KILL PATHOGENS
Neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight
infection
travels and enters the infected tissue, where they engulf and kill the bacteria. The
neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by macrophages.
,if there is a high count of neutrophil in the blood = there is an active infection
very clinic biomarker
does not live long
What is the basic function of monocytes/macrophages? - ANSWER phagocytosis of
microorganisms and cell debris
antigen presentation --> T cells
CONSTANTLY MONITORS TISSUE TO ALERT INNATE SYSTEM
can detect NON-SELF
function: mature from bone marrow-derived monocytes, after migration into tissue
engulf pathogen and cell debris via phagocytosis/ The receptor-mediated process which
ends in gene transcription and cytokine release in the peripheral site... causes
vasodilation and inflammatory
etc. acne
What is the basic function of dendritic cells? - ANSWER activates adaptive immunity.:
Bridge innate response to adaptive migrate from area of infection in lymph node and
activates T cells
What is the basic function of NK cells? - ANSWER INNATE
directly kill the antigen through apoptosis
What is the basic function of B cells? - ANSWER ADAPTIVE
What is basic function of T cells? - ANSWER ADAPTIVE
bind to pieces of protein
What is the function of mast cells? - ANSWER allergic/ inflammatory response and worm
removal
, Compare B cells receptor, antibodies, and T cell receptor? - ANSWER B cell receptor
(soluble antibodies) and T cell receptors (never soluble) recognized and bind ANTIGEN.
diversity of receptors is due to gene cutting, splicing and medication during
lymphocytes development
Explain the function of plasma cells and effector T cells? - ANSWER Before activation, B
cells and T cells are called NAIVE CELLS
activated B cells (BCR binds to antigen) differentiate into PLASMA CELLS, whose sole
function is to secrete antibody
Activated T cells (TCR binds to antigen presented by MHC) differentiated in HELPER
CELLS, CYTOXIC CELLS OR REGULATORY CELLS
Describe how antibodies enhance neutralization and opsonization? - ANSWER
antibodies circulate in blood, binding antigen in tissues and blood, providing HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
antibodies can neutralize and opsonize antigen and pathogens
this lead to increased of phagocytosis and toxins and pathogen
Defined primary and secondary immune organs - ANSWER primary organs: THYMUS
AND BONE MARROW
- lymphocytes are produced
secondary organs: SPLEEN
- is where it is activated
Complete Solution
how does the body react when an infection occurs - ANSWER Infections --> inflammation
--> innate immune response
Innate immunity is mediated by.... - ANSWER effector mechanisms
complement + effector cells (cytokines-- signaling protein)
Cytokines - ANSWER Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the
brain.
Vasodilation of the blood vessels
increase of blood flow to site of infections
have different effect on different tissue
travels in blood to sites throughout the body
What symptoms are caused by the immune system's response at the site of infections? -
ANSWER calor (heat)
tumor (swelling/edema)
rubor (redness)
dolor (pain)
Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER highly specialized and specific
does colonel selection, clonal expansion, then effector cell differentiation
is called up from lymphocytes
slow response (days to weeks)
variable
improved during response
Innate immunity - ANSWER rapid response (hours)
fixed (from genes)
limited number of specificities
,constant during response
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - ANSWER a common progenitor cells that all
leukocytes (and erythrocytes) derive from
self renewing throughout life
Progenitor cells - ANSWER intermediary progenitor cells give rise to precursor cells,
which eventually give rise to effector cells
What are the major families of cells? - ANSWER Lymphoid cells
Myeloid cells
Erythroid cells
(M.E.L)
What site of hematopoiesis in humans changes during development? - ANSWER yolk sac
--> fetal liver and spleen --> bone marrow (forever)
What cells are found in mostly innate immunity? - ANSWER neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, monocytes (macrophages), NK cells
mast cells*
What are found in mostly adaptive immunity? - ANSWER B cells --> plasma cells
T cells --> effector cells
dendritic cells*
describe the basic function of B cells? - ANSWER B cells --> plasma cells --> antibodies
production
What is the basic function of T cells? - ANSWER T cells --> B cells activation
--> macrophage activation (Th1)
--> cytoxoxic cell death (CTL)
What Is the basic function of neutrophils? - ANSWER engulfment and destruction of the
BACTERIA
RECRUITS TO A SITE OF INFECTION TO RAPIDLY KILL PATHOGENS
Neutrophils are stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight
infection
travels and enters the infected tissue, where they engulf and kill the bacteria. The
neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by macrophages.
,if there is a high count of neutrophil in the blood = there is an active infection
very clinic biomarker
does not live long
What is the basic function of monocytes/macrophages? - ANSWER phagocytosis of
microorganisms and cell debris
antigen presentation --> T cells
CONSTANTLY MONITORS TISSUE TO ALERT INNATE SYSTEM
can detect NON-SELF
function: mature from bone marrow-derived monocytes, after migration into tissue
engulf pathogen and cell debris via phagocytosis/ The receptor-mediated process which
ends in gene transcription and cytokine release in the peripheral site... causes
vasodilation and inflammatory
etc. acne
What is the basic function of dendritic cells? - ANSWER activates adaptive immunity.:
Bridge innate response to adaptive migrate from area of infection in lymph node and
activates T cells
What is the basic function of NK cells? - ANSWER INNATE
directly kill the antigen through apoptosis
What is the basic function of B cells? - ANSWER ADAPTIVE
What is basic function of T cells? - ANSWER ADAPTIVE
bind to pieces of protein
What is the function of mast cells? - ANSWER allergic/ inflammatory response and worm
removal
, Compare B cells receptor, antibodies, and T cell receptor? - ANSWER B cell receptor
(soluble antibodies) and T cell receptors (never soluble) recognized and bind ANTIGEN.
diversity of receptors is due to gene cutting, splicing and medication during
lymphocytes development
Explain the function of plasma cells and effector T cells? - ANSWER Before activation, B
cells and T cells are called NAIVE CELLS
activated B cells (BCR binds to antigen) differentiate into PLASMA CELLS, whose sole
function is to secrete antibody
Activated T cells (TCR binds to antigen presented by MHC) differentiated in HELPER
CELLS, CYTOXIC CELLS OR REGULATORY CELLS
Describe how antibodies enhance neutralization and opsonization? - ANSWER
antibodies circulate in blood, binding antigen in tissues and blood, providing HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
antibodies can neutralize and opsonize antigen and pathogens
this lead to increased of phagocytosis and toxins and pathogen
Defined primary and secondary immune organs - ANSWER primary organs: THYMUS
AND BONE MARROW
- lymphocytes are produced
secondary organs: SPLEEN
- is where it is activated
