v
TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 14
TEST BANK
,v
TABLE OF CONTENTS v v v
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
1. Basic Concepts.
v v
Arguments,vPremises,vandvConclusions.vExercise.vRecognizingvArguments.vExercise.vDeductionvandvInduction.vExercise.vValidity,vTruth,vSoundnes
trength,vCogency.vExercise.vArgumentvForms:vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vExtendedvArguments.vExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
v v v v
VarietiesvofvMeaning.vExercise.vThevIntensionvandvExtensionvofvTerms.vExercise.vDefinitionsvandvTheirvPurposes.vExercise.vDefinitionalvTechnique
xercise.vCriteriavforvLexicalvDefinitions.vExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
v v
FallaciesvinvGeneral.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvRelevance.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvWeakvInduction.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvPresumption,vAmbiguity,van
licitvTransference.vExercise.vFallaciesvinvOrdinaryvLanguage.vExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
4. Categorical Propositions.
v v
ThevComponentsvofvCategoricalvPropositions.vExercise.vQuality,vQuantity,vandvDistribution.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthevModernvSquarev
Opposition.vExercise.vConversion,vObversion,vandvContraposition.vExercise.vThevTraditionalvSquarevofvOpposition.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsva
hevTraditionalvStandpoint.vExercise.vTranslatingvOrdinaryvLanguagevStatementsvintovCategoricalvForm.vExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
v v
StandardvForm,vMood,vandvFigure.vExercise.vVennvDiagrams.vExercise.vRulesvandvFallacies.vExercise.vReducingvthevNumbervofvTerms.vExercise.
dinaryvLanguagevArguments.vExercise.vEnthymemes.vExercise.vSorites.vExercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
v v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vTruthvFunctions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvPropositions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvArguments.vExercise.vIndire
ruthvTables.vExercise.vArgumentvFormsvandvFallacies.vExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
v v v v v
RulesvofvImplicationvI.vExercise.vRulesvofvImplicationvII.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvI.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvII.vExercise.vConditional
oof.vExercise.vIndirectvProof.vExercise.vProvingvLogicalvTruths.vExercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
v v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vUsingvthevRulesvofvInference.vExercise.vQuantifiervNegationvRule.vExercise.vConditionalvandvIndirectvProof.vE
rcise.vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vRelationalvPredicatesvandvOverlappingvQuantifiers.vExercise.vIdentity.vExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
v v v
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
v v v v v v
AnalogicalvReasoning.vLegalvReasoning.vMoralvReasoning.vExercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
v v v v
,"Cause"vandvNecessaryvandvSufficientvConditions.vMill'svFivevMethods.vMill'svMethodsvandvScience.vExercise.
11. Probability.
v
TheoriesvofvProbability.vThevProbabilityvCalculus.vExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
v v
EvaluatingvStatistics.vSamples.vThevMeaningvofv"Average."vDispersion.vGraphsvandvPictograms.vPercentages.vExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
v v
ThevHypotheticalvMethod.vHypotheticalvReasoning:vFourvExamplesvfromvScience.vThevProofvofvHypotheses.vThevTentativevAcceptancevofvHypo
ses.vExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
v v v
DistinguishingvBetweenvSciencevandvSuperstition.vEvidentiaryvSupport.vObjectivity.vIntegrity.vAbusingvScience.vExercise.
AnswersvtovSelectedvExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:vThevfollowingvselectionsvrelatevtovdistinguishingvargumentsvfromvnonarguments
andvidentifyingvconclusions.vSelectvthevbestvanswervforveach.
1.v Therevappearsvtovbevavgrowingvhappinessvgapvbetweenvmenvandvwomen.vWomenvtodayvarevworking
morevandvrelaxingvless,vwhilevmenvarevworkingvlessvandvrelaxingvmore.vFortyvyearsvagovavtypical
womanvspentv40vminutesvmorevpervweekvthanvthevtypicalvmanvperformingvanvactivityvconsidered
unpleasant.vToday,vwithvmenvworkingvless,vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vTodayv...vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
b.v Nonargument.
c.v Argument;vconclusion:vFortyvyearsvagov...vanvactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vTherevappearsvtovbev...vbetweenvmenvandvwomen.
e.v Argument;vconclusion:vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmorevandvrelaxingvless.
ANS:v D PTS:v 2
2.v Leadvisvtoxic,vbutvdovyouvknowvwhy?vLeadvisvtoxicvmainlyvbecausevitvpreferentiallyvreplacesvother
metalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.vInvsovdoingvitvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsvthatvregulatevbloodvpressure
(whichvcanvcausevdevelopmentvdelaysvinvchildrenvandvhighvbloodvpressurevinvadults),vhemevproduction
(whichvcanvleadvtovanemia),vandvspermvproduction.vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumvinvthevreactionsvthat
transmitvelectricalvimpulsesvinvthevbrain,vwhichvdiminishesvthevabilityvtovthinkvandvrecallvinformation.
AnnevMarievHelmstine,v"YourvGuidevtovChemistry"
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsv...vandvspermvproduction.
b.v Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvisvtoxic.
c.v Nonargument.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.
e.v Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumv...vrecallvinformation.
ANS:v C PTS:v 2
3.v Aristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousvtovchoosevthe
propervamountvofvemotionvand/orvactionvcalledvforvinvavparticularvsituationvandvthatvextremesvof
emotionvandvactionvwerevvices.vInvallvcommunitiesvtherevarevsomevmenvofvpracticalvwisdomvwhovhave
thevcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.vAristotlevarguedvthatvtheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowvthev"rightvrule"
whatevervthevsituation.
DavidvCooper,vValuevPluralismvandvEthicalvChoice
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vInvallvcommunitiesv...vcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.
b.v Argument;vconclusion:vAristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.
c.v Argument;vconclusion:vTheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowv...vthevsituation.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousv...vwerevvices
e.v Nonargument.
ANS:v E PTS:v 2
4.v Illegalvimmigrantsvpayvlocalvsalesvtaxes,vandvmanyvofvthemvalsovpayvstate,vlocal,vandvfederalvincomevtax
andvSocialvSecurityvtax.vTheyvalsovpurchasevitemsvfromvlocalvmerchants,vincreasingvthevamountvthese
merchantsvpayvinvtaxes.vInvaddition,vtheyvworkvforvlowvsalaries,vwhichvincreasesvthevearningsvofvtheir
employersvandvthevamountvofvtaxesvthesevemployersvpay.vThus,vitvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayvthatvillegal
immigrantsvcontributevnothingvtovthevcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayv...vcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
1
TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 14
TEST BANK
,v
TABLE OF CONTENTS v v v
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
1. Basic Concepts.
v v
Arguments,vPremises,vandvConclusions.vExercise.vRecognizingvArguments.vExercise.vDeductionvandvInduction.vExercise.vValidity,vTruth,vSoundnes
trength,vCogency.vExercise.vArgumentvForms:vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vExtendedvArguments.vExercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
v v v v
VarietiesvofvMeaning.vExercise.vThevIntensionvandvExtensionvofvTerms.vExercise.vDefinitionsvandvTheirvPurposes.vExercise.vDefinitionalvTechnique
xercise.vCriteriavforvLexicalvDefinitions.vExercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
v v
FallaciesvinvGeneral.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvRelevance.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvWeakvInduction.vExercise.vFallaciesvofvPresumption,vAmbiguity,van
licitvTransference.vExercise.vFallaciesvinvOrdinaryvLanguage.vExercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
v v v
4. Categorical Propositions.
v v
ThevComponentsvofvCategoricalvPropositions.vExercise.vQuality,vQuantity,vandvDistribution.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsvandvthevModernvSquarev
Opposition.vExercise.vConversion,vObversion,vandvContraposition.vExercise.vThevTraditionalvSquarevofvOpposition.vExercise.vVennvDiagramsva
hevTraditionalvStandpoint.vExercise.vTranslatingvOrdinaryvLanguagevStatementsvintovCategoricalvForm.vExercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
v v
StandardvForm,vMood,vandvFigure.vExercise.vVennvDiagrams.vExercise.vRulesvandvFallacies.vExercise.vReducingvthevNumbervofvTerms.vExercise.
dinaryvLanguagevArguments.vExercise.vEnthymemes.vExercise.vSorites.vExercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
v v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vTruthvFunctions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvPropositions.vExercise.vTruthvTablesvforvArguments.vExercise.vIndire
ruthvTables.vExercise.vArgumentvFormsvandvFallacies.vExercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
v v v v v
RulesvofvImplicationvI.vExercise.vRulesvofvImplicationvII.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvI.vExercise.vRulesvofvReplacementvII.vExercise.vConditional
oof.vExercise.vIndirectvProof.vExercise.vProvingvLogicalvTruths.vExercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
v v
SymbolsvandvTranslation.vExercise.vUsingvthevRulesvofvInference.vExercise.vQuantifiervNegationvRule.vExercise.vConditionalvandvIndirectvProof.vE
rcise.vProvingvInvalidity.vExercise.vRelationalvPredicatesvandvOverlappingvQuantifiers.vExercise.vIdentity.vExercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
v v v
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
v v v v v v
AnalogicalvReasoning.vLegalvReasoning.vMoralvReasoning.vExercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
v v v v
,"Cause"vandvNecessaryvandvSufficientvConditions.vMill'svFivevMethods.vMill'svMethodsvandvScience.vExercise.
11. Probability.
v
TheoriesvofvProbability.vThevProbabilityvCalculus.vExercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
v v
EvaluatingvStatistics.vSamples.vThevMeaningvofv"Average."vDispersion.vGraphsvandvPictograms.vPercentages.vExercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
v v
ThevHypotheticalvMethod.vHypotheticalvReasoning:vFourvExamplesvfromvScience.vThevProofvofvHypotheses.vThevTentativevAcceptancevofvHypo
ses.vExercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
v v v
DistinguishingvBetweenvSciencevandvSuperstition.vEvidentiaryvSupport.vObjectivity.vIntegrity.vAbusingvScience.vExercise.
AnswersvtovSelectedvExercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
v v v
MULTIPLEvCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:vThevfollowingvselectionsvrelatevtovdistinguishingvargumentsvfromvnonarguments
andvidentifyingvconclusions.vSelectvthevbestvanswervforveach.
1.v Therevappearsvtovbevavgrowingvhappinessvgapvbetweenvmenvandvwomen.vWomenvtodayvarevworking
morevandvrelaxingvless,vwhilevmenvarevworkingvlessvandvrelaxingvmore.vFortyvyearsvagovavtypical
womanvspentv40vminutesvmorevpervweekvthanvthevtypicalvmanvperformingvanvactivityvconsidered
unpleasant.vToday,vwithvmenvworkingvless,vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vTodayv...vthevgapvisv90vminutesvandvgrowing.
b.v Nonargument.
c.v Argument;vconclusion:vFortyvyearsvagov...vanvactivityvconsideredvunpleasant.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vTherevappearsvtovbev...vbetweenvmenvandvwomen.
e.v Argument;vconclusion:vWomenvtodayvarevworkingvmorevandvrelaxingvless.
ANS:v D PTS:v 2
2.v Leadvisvtoxic,vbutvdovyouvknowvwhy?vLeadvisvtoxicvmainlyvbecausevitvpreferentiallyvreplacesvother
metalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.vInvsovdoingvitvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsvthatvregulatevbloodvpressure
(whichvcanvcausevdevelopmentvdelaysvinvchildrenvandvhighvbloodvpressurevinvadults),vhemevproduction
(whichvcanvleadvtovanemia),vandvspermvproduction.vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumvinvthevreactionsvthat
transmitvelectricalvimpulsesvinvthevbrain,vwhichvdiminishesvthevabilityvtovthinkvandvrecallvinformation.
AnnevMarievHelmstine,v"YourvGuidevtovChemistry"
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvinterferesvwithvthevproteinsv...vandvspermvproduction.
b.v Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvisvtoxic.
c.v Nonargument.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvpreferentiallyvreplacesvothervmetalsvinvbiochemicalvreactions.
e.v Argument;vconclusion:vLeadvalsovdisplacesvcalciumv...vrecallvinformation.
ANS:v C PTS:v 2
3.v Aristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousvtovchoosevthe
propervamountvofvemotionvand/orvactionvcalledvforvinvavparticularvsituationvandvthatvextremesvof
emotionvandvactionvwerevvices.vInvallvcommunitiesvtherevarevsomevmenvofvpracticalvwisdomvwhovhave
thevcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.vAristotlevarguedvthatvtheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowvthev"rightvrule"
whatevervthevsituation.
DavidvCooper,vValuevPluralismvandvEthicalvChoice
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vInvallvcommunitiesv...vcapacityvtovjudgevwisely.
b.v Argument;vconclusion:vAristotlevfocusedvonvclarifyingvthevconceptvofvvirtuevitself.
c.v Argument;vconclusion:vTheyvhavevthevcapacityvtovfollowv...vthevsituation.
d.v Argument;vconclusion:vHevarguedvthatvitvwasvvirtuousv...vwerevvices
e.v Nonargument.
ANS:v E PTS:v 2
4.v Illegalvimmigrantsvpayvlocalvsalesvtaxes,vandvmanyvofvthemvalsovpayvstate,vlocal,vandvfederalvincomevtax
andvSocialvSecurityvtax.vTheyvalsovpurchasevitemsvfromvlocalvmerchants,vincreasingvthevamountvthese
merchantsvpayvinvtaxes.vInvaddition,vtheyvworkvforvlowvsalaries,vwhichvincreasesvthevearningsvofvtheir
employersvandvthevamountvofvtaxesvthesevemployersvpay.vThus,vitvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayvthatvillegal
immigrantsvcontributevnothingvtovthevcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
a.v Argument;vconclusion:vItvisvnotvcorrectvtovsayv...vcommunitiesvinvwhichvtheyvlive.
1
