ANP 1105 final Exam with complete
solution 2025
What .are .the .3 .layers .of .blood .vessels? .- .ANS✓✓-Tunica .intima, .tunica .media
.and .tunica .external
Innermost .tunica .intima .- .ANS✓✓-Simple .squamous .epithelium .to .allow .a .low
.friction .surface
Middle .tunica .media .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .and .elastic .tissue .to .control .the
.diameter
Outermost .tunica .external .- .ANS✓✓-Nerve .and .elastic .fibers
Vasa .vasorum .- .ANS✓✓-Tiny .blood .vessels .that .supply .blood .for .larger .ones
Vasoconstriction .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .constricts .to .decrease .the .diameter
Vasodilation .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .relaxes .to .increase .the .diameter
Elastic .arteries .- .ANS✓✓-Thick .walled .and .near .the .heart. .They .have .the
.largest .lumens .and .are .considered .to .be .the .conducting .vessels .(send .blood
.from .heart .to .medium .arteries)
Atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Hardening .of .the .arteries. .Blood .flow .gushes/trickles
.as .the .heart .beats, .causing .the .vessel .walls .to .weaken .or .eventually .balloon
.out .(aneurysm), .or .burst
Muscular .arteries .- .ANS✓✓-Considered .to .be .the .distributing .vessels .(deliver
.blood .to .organs). .Diameter .ranges .greatly
Arterioles .- .ANS✓✓-The .resistance .vessels: .diameter .determines .blood .flow .to
.capillaries .as .a .mechanism .of .homeostasis .that .responds .to .neural, .hormonal,
.and .chemical .influences
Capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Microscopic .vessels .with .thin .walls. .They .allow .the
.exchange .of .gasses, .nutrients .and .hormones .between .the .blood .and .the
.interstitial .fluid .(then .to .the .tissues)
, Continuous .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Least .permeable .and .most .common
Fenestrated .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Fenestrations .increase .permeability
Sinusoid .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Most .permeable .to .allow .large .cells .to .pass.
.Incomplete .basement .membrane .and .large .intercellular .cleft
Capillary .beds .- .ANS✓✓-Connections .between .terminal .arterioles .and
.postcapillary .venules. .True .capillaries .are .the .exchange .vessels .and .the
.vascular .shunt .(thoroughfare .channel) .bypasses .tissue .cells
Precapillary .sphincter .- .ANS✓✓-A .smooth .muscle .cuff .that .regulates .blood
.flow .(like .a .valve)
Veins .- .ANS✓✓-Return .blood .to .the .heart .from .the .venules. .Have .thin .walls
.because .of .the .low .pressure, .and .large .lumens .so .that .blood .can .be .returned
.to .the .heart .at .the .same .rate .that .it .is .pumped .out
Venous .valves .- .ANS✓✓-Prevent .blood .from .flowing .backwards, .made .from
.folds .of .tunica .intima .and .are .mostly .in .the .lower .limbs
Venous .sinuses .- .ANS✓✓-Specialized .veins .with .thick .endothelium .walls
.(example .is .the .coronary .sinus)
Varicose .veins .- .ANS✓✓-Homeostatic .imbalance .- .dilated .veins .caused .by
.incompetent .valves. .The .blood .pools .in .lower .limbs .and .causes .valves .to
.weaken
Stages .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Endothelium .is .injured, .lipids .accumulate
.and .oxidize .in .the .tunica .intima, .smooth .muscle .cells .proliferate .and .then .the
.plaque .enlarges .and .becomes .unstable
Consequences .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Increases .the .likelihood .of .clot
.formation, .may .cause .aneurysm, .angina, .heart .attack, .stroke
Treatment .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Coronary .artery .bypass .and .graft
.surgery, .angioplasty, .stenting .or .thrombolytic .agents
Blood .flow .- .ANS✓✓-The .volume .of .blood .moving .though .a .vessel/organ/entire
.circulatory .system .within .a .given .period .(mL/min)
Blood .pressure .- .ANS✓✓-force .exerted .on .a .vessel .wall .by .contained .blood
.(mmHg). .A .pressure .gradient .results .from .differences .in .BP .between .two
.points
solution 2025
What .are .the .3 .layers .of .blood .vessels? .- .ANS✓✓-Tunica .intima, .tunica .media
.and .tunica .external
Innermost .tunica .intima .- .ANS✓✓-Simple .squamous .epithelium .to .allow .a .low
.friction .surface
Middle .tunica .media .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .and .elastic .tissue .to .control .the
.diameter
Outermost .tunica .external .- .ANS✓✓-Nerve .and .elastic .fibers
Vasa .vasorum .- .ANS✓✓-Tiny .blood .vessels .that .supply .blood .for .larger .ones
Vasoconstriction .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .constricts .to .decrease .the .diameter
Vasodilation .- .ANS✓✓-Smooth .muscle .relaxes .to .increase .the .diameter
Elastic .arteries .- .ANS✓✓-Thick .walled .and .near .the .heart. .They .have .the
.largest .lumens .and .are .considered .to .be .the .conducting .vessels .(send .blood
.from .heart .to .medium .arteries)
Atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Hardening .of .the .arteries. .Blood .flow .gushes/trickles
.as .the .heart .beats, .causing .the .vessel .walls .to .weaken .or .eventually .balloon
.out .(aneurysm), .or .burst
Muscular .arteries .- .ANS✓✓-Considered .to .be .the .distributing .vessels .(deliver
.blood .to .organs). .Diameter .ranges .greatly
Arterioles .- .ANS✓✓-The .resistance .vessels: .diameter .determines .blood .flow .to
.capillaries .as .a .mechanism .of .homeostasis .that .responds .to .neural, .hormonal,
.and .chemical .influences
Capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Microscopic .vessels .with .thin .walls. .They .allow .the
.exchange .of .gasses, .nutrients .and .hormones .between .the .blood .and .the
.interstitial .fluid .(then .to .the .tissues)
, Continuous .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Least .permeable .and .most .common
Fenestrated .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Fenestrations .increase .permeability
Sinusoid .capillaries .- .ANS✓✓-Most .permeable .to .allow .large .cells .to .pass.
.Incomplete .basement .membrane .and .large .intercellular .cleft
Capillary .beds .- .ANS✓✓-Connections .between .terminal .arterioles .and
.postcapillary .venules. .True .capillaries .are .the .exchange .vessels .and .the
.vascular .shunt .(thoroughfare .channel) .bypasses .tissue .cells
Precapillary .sphincter .- .ANS✓✓-A .smooth .muscle .cuff .that .regulates .blood
.flow .(like .a .valve)
Veins .- .ANS✓✓-Return .blood .to .the .heart .from .the .venules. .Have .thin .walls
.because .of .the .low .pressure, .and .large .lumens .so .that .blood .can .be .returned
.to .the .heart .at .the .same .rate .that .it .is .pumped .out
Venous .valves .- .ANS✓✓-Prevent .blood .from .flowing .backwards, .made .from
.folds .of .tunica .intima .and .are .mostly .in .the .lower .limbs
Venous .sinuses .- .ANS✓✓-Specialized .veins .with .thick .endothelium .walls
.(example .is .the .coronary .sinus)
Varicose .veins .- .ANS✓✓-Homeostatic .imbalance .- .dilated .veins .caused .by
.incompetent .valves. .The .blood .pools .in .lower .limbs .and .causes .valves .to
.weaken
Stages .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Endothelium .is .injured, .lipids .accumulate
.and .oxidize .in .the .tunica .intima, .smooth .muscle .cells .proliferate .and .then .the
.plaque .enlarges .and .becomes .unstable
Consequences .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Increases .the .likelihood .of .clot
.formation, .may .cause .aneurysm, .angina, .heart .attack, .stroke
Treatment .of .atherosclerosis .- .ANS✓✓-Coronary .artery .bypass .and .graft
.surgery, .angioplasty, .stenting .or .thrombolytic .agents
Blood .flow .- .ANS✓✓-The .volume .of .blood .moving .though .a .vessel/organ/entire
.circulatory .system .within .a .given .period .(mL/min)
Blood .pressure .- .ANS✓✓-force .exerted .on .a .vessel .wall .by .contained .blood
.(mmHg). .A .pressure .gradient .results .from .differences .in .BP .between .two
.points
