ICSE class 10 Physics Hand Made Notes

Current Electricity notes for ICSE Class 10 Physics


1. Basics of Electric Current

• Electric Current (I):

o The flow of electric charge (electrons) through a
conductor.

o Formula: I=QtI = \frac{Q}{t}, where:
II = Current (in Amperes), QQ = Charge (in Coulombs), tt =
Time (in seconds).

• Unit of Current: Ampere (A)

o 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/1 second.

• Direction of Current:

o Conventional Current: Flows from positive to negative
terminal.

o Electron Flow: Opposite to conventional current
(negative to positive terminal).



2. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

• Electric Potential (V):

o The work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to a point in an electric field.

o SI Unit: Volt (V).

• Potential Difference:

o The work done in moving a unit charge between two
points in a circuit.

o Formula: V=WQV = \frac{W}{Q} Where: VV = Potential
difference, WW = Work done (Joules), QQ = Charge
(Coulombs).

, • 1 Volt:

o 1 Volt = 1 Joule/1 Coulomb.



3. Ohm's Law

• States that the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its ends,
provided the temperature and physical conditions remain
constant.

o Formula: V=IRV = IR Where: VV = Potential difference
(Volts), II = Current (Amperes), RR = Resistance (Ohms).



4. Resistance

• Definition:

o The opposition offered by a conductor to the flow of
electric current.

• Formula:

R=VIR = \frac{V}{I}

• SI Unit: Ohm (Ω\Omega)

o 1 Ohm = 1 Volt/1 Ampere.

• Factors Affecting Resistance:

1. Length of Conductor (LL):
R∝LR \propto L.

2. Area of Cross-Section (AA):
R∝1AR \propto \frac{1}{A}.

3. Material of Conductor:
Depends on the resistivity (ρ\rho) of the material.

4. Temperature:
Resistance increases with an increase in temperature (for metals).