Arrays, Vectors, and Strings in C++: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples

Arrays, Vectors, and Strings in C++
C++ provides powerful data structures like arrays, vectors, and strings to manage
collections of data. Each has unique features and use cases, making them
essential tools in C++ programming.



1. Arrays
An array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same data type, stored
contiguously in memory.

1.1 Declaration and Initialization

Syntax:

data_type array_name[size];

Examples:

int numbers[5]; // Declaration
int scores[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Initialization

1.2 Accessing Elements

Array elements are accessed using indices, starting from 0.

Example:

cout << scores[2]; // Output: 30
scores[3] = 45; // Modifies the fourth element

1.3 Multidimensional Arrays

C++ supports multidimensional arrays like 2D arrays.

, Example:

int matrix[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};
cout << matrix[1][2]; // Output: 6



2. Vectors
Vectors are dynamic arrays provided by the C++ Standard Template Library (STL).
They can resize automatically when elements are added or removed.

2.1 Declaration and Initialization

Syntax:

#include <vector>
std::vector<data_type> vector_name;

Example:

std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};

2.2 Common Operations

 Adding Elements: push_back()
 Removing Elements: pop_back()
 Accessing Elements: at() or []
 Getting Size: size()

Example:

std::vector<int> nums;
nums.push_back(10); // Adds 10
nums.push_back(20); // Adds 20
cout << nums.at(1); // Output: 20
nums.pop_back(); // Removes last element