Pathophysiology Module 7 Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2025
Primary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Caused by impact
-Involves neuronal and glial injury and the vascular response
Secondary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Includes cerebral edema, brain swelling, hemorrhage,
infection and high ICP
-Occurs from reduced circulation and brainshift
Tertiary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Caused by apnea, low BP and other lung and cardiac problems
Thrombotic CVAs - Answers commonly due to atherosclerosis and arterial wall inflammation or
increased coagulation
*TIAs
*Stroke-in-evolution
*Completed stroke
Embolic Strokes - Answers Clots obstruct bifurcation or small artery
associated with atrial fibrillation, artificial valves, atrial defects and arterial disorders
less common causes are air, fat, or tumors
Hemorrhagic Strokes - Answers causes include hypertension, ruptured aneurysms and AV malformations
mass of blood forms and may displace/compress adjacent brain tissue
Possible causes of Alzheimer's - Answers -Loss of neurotransmitter stimulation by choline
acetyltransferase
-Genetic defects involving amyloid precusor protein
-Alteration of apolipoprotein E, which binds beta amyloid
-Pathologic activation of N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors with excess calcium influx
-Prions and autoimmune reactions
Early Onset Familial Alzheimer's Genes - Answers -Amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21
-Presenilin on chromosome 14 (PSEN1)
-Presenilin on chromosome 1 (PSEN2)
Late Onset Familial Alzheimer's Genes - Answers -Defect in apolipoprotein E on chromosome 19
, -APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4 occur most frequently
-APOE4 allele is marker of increased susceptibility...but NOT a determinant
New Alzheimer's genes - Answers CR1 CD33
EPHA1 ABCA7
CLU BIN1
CD2AP
Three Pathways that these new genes may affect - Answers Endocytosis
Inflammatory Immune Response
Lipid processing
Huntington's Disease - Answers -Defect on short arm of chromosome 4
-Depletion of g-aminobutryic acid (GABA; inhibitory neurotransmittor)-secreting neurons causes
involuntary, fragmented movements
Multiple Sclerosis - Answers -Degenerative disease in which CNS demyelinization may result from
immunogenic-viral causes
-Viruses/antigens may attack myelin and cause hypersensitivity reaction
-Steroids can shorten duration of acute exacerbations
-Immunosuppressant therapy may slow progression
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answers -Rare degenerative disorder involving lower and upper motor
neurons
-Flaccid paresis progressing to paralysis characterizes this syndrome
-Genetic factors now thought to be involved and may involve SOD
-Glutamate toxicity may cause neuron degeneration
•New research suggests NFL players may be at higher risk of death from neurodegenerative diseases like
ALS or Alzheimer's
Myasthenia Gravis - Answers -Neuromuscular disorder of voluntary muscle characterized by weakness
and fatigability
-Autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune disorders (e.g. SLE and rheumatoid arthritis)
Primary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Caused by impact
-Involves neuronal and glial injury and the vascular response
Secondary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Includes cerebral edema, brain swelling, hemorrhage,
infection and high ICP
-Occurs from reduced circulation and brainshift
Tertiary Damage to the Brain - Answers -Caused by apnea, low BP and other lung and cardiac problems
Thrombotic CVAs - Answers commonly due to atherosclerosis and arterial wall inflammation or
increased coagulation
*TIAs
*Stroke-in-evolution
*Completed stroke
Embolic Strokes - Answers Clots obstruct bifurcation or small artery
associated with atrial fibrillation, artificial valves, atrial defects and arterial disorders
less common causes are air, fat, or tumors
Hemorrhagic Strokes - Answers causes include hypertension, ruptured aneurysms and AV malformations
mass of blood forms and may displace/compress adjacent brain tissue
Possible causes of Alzheimer's - Answers -Loss of neurotransmitter stimulation by choline
acetyltransferase
-Genetic defects involving amyloid precusor protein
-Alteration of apolipoprotein E, which binds beta amyloid
-Pathologic activation of N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors with excess calcium influx
-Prions and autoimmune reactions
Early Onset Familial Alzheimer's Genes - Answers -Amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21
-Presenilin on chromosome 14 (PSEN1)
-Presenilin on chromosome 1 (PSEN2)
Late Onset Familial Alzheimer's Genes - Answers -Defect in apolipoprotein E on chromosome 19
, -APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4 occur most frequently
-APOE4 allele is marker of increased susceptibility...but NOT a determinant
New Alzheimer's genes - Answers CR1 CD33
EPHA1 ABCA7
CLU BIN1
CD2AP
Three Pathways that these new genes may affect - Answers Endocytosis
Inflammatory Immune Response
Lipid processing
Huntington's Disease - Answers -Defect on short arm of chromosome 4
-Depletion of g-aminobutryic acid (GABA; inhibitory neurotransmittor)-secreting neurons causes
involuntary, fragmented movements
Multiple Sclerosis - Answers -Degenerative disease in which CNS demyelinization may result from
immunogenic-viral causes
-Viruses/antigens may attack myelin and cause hypersensitivity reaction
-Steroids can shorten duration of acute exacerbations
-Immunosuppressant therapy may slow progression
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answers -Rare degenerative disorder involving lower and upper motor
neurons
-Flaccid paresis progressing to paralysis characterizes this syndrome
-Genetic factors now thought to be involved and may involve SOD
-Glutamate toxicity may cause neuron degeneration
•New research suggests NFL players may be at higher risk of death from neurodegenerative diseases like
ALS or Alzheimer's
Myasthenia Gravis - Answers -Neuromuscular disorder of voluntary muscle characterized by weakness
and fatigability
-Autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune disorders (e.g. SLE and rheumatoid arthritis)
