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Prehistory (definition and three periods) - ✔✔The period of human history before
writing was developed. The three periods are the Lower Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic,
and Neolithic.
Lower Paleolithic - ✔✔About 1 million years ago. Humans used crude tools. The "Old
Stone Age". Early humans used tools
like needles, hatchets, awls, and cutting tools.
Upper Paleolithic - ✔✔Development of more specialized, better-made tools. Humans
began to wear clothes, practice art, and organize themselves into groups with a definite
social structure. Most lived in caves during this period.
Neolithic - ✔✔Increased complexity of social structures (a sense of family, religion, and
government.) Domestication of animals, cultivation of crops. Humans built houses,
started fires with friction tools. Knitting, spinning, and weaving textiles.
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,Three Divisions of the Stone Age - ✔✔Paleolithic (with three sub-categories), Mesolithic
and Neolithic Eras.
Anthropology: Definition, description, and three major divisions. - ✔✔The study of
human culture.
Study groups of humans, how they relate to one another, and the similarities and
differences between different cultures by using cross-cultural research and comparative
research.
There are three major divisions within anthropology:
Biological and cultural anthropology
Archaeology
Linguistics
Archeology - ✔✔This discipline studies past human cultures by evaluating what they
leave behind. This can include
bones, buildings, art, tools, pottery, graves, and even trash.
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, Archaeology teaches us that humans (or near-humans) have existed for about 600,000
years. More primitive humans are believed to have appeared about 1 million years ago.
These humans developed into Cro-Magnon man and then Homo sapiens.
Neolithic Age - ✔✔The "New Stone Age" from 8,000-6,000 BCE (approximately). During
this time textiles and pottery was developed, the wheel was discovered, and people
began to practice agriculture, make polished tools, and had some domesticated animals.
Bronze Age - ✔✔3,000 BCE. Metals are discovered and the first civilizations emerge as
humans
become more technologically advanced.
Iron Age - ✔✔1,200-1,000 BCE. Metal tools replace stone tools as humans develop
knowledge of smelting.
Necessary elements of a Civilization - ✔✔Use of metal to make weapons and tools
Written language
A defined territorial state
A calendar
The earliest civilizations developed in river valleys where reliable, fertile land was
easily found.
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