PH 346 Final Exam With Complete Solution
Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 - ANSWER -normal diet would be 1800 however,
people would be only eating 600 calories
-Can have long term impacts
What would happen if a baby was born under nourished - ANSWER -developed insulin
resistance
-have fewer blood vessels to tissue
-set enzyme levels to convert unused food to fat
If a fetus becomes thrifty, would it better to be thrifty as an adult - ANSWER No, because
when the system finds more food later in life, it can lead to
-obesity
-higher risk of heart disease
-diabetes
Insulin singling pathway - ANSWER evolutionary conserved path way that could possibly
regulate aging
Daf 2 - ANSWER name of insulin receptor in C. elegans
InR - ANSWER name of insulin receptor in drosophila
If the insulin receptor is activated - ANSWER speeds up aging
-die quicker
If insulin receptor is not active - ANSWER slows down aging
-lives longer
Daf16 - ANSWER -in C. elegans
-if activated, they organism lives longer
Activation of Daf16 - ANSWER -produce enzymes to inhibit oxidative stress
-activate DNA repair enzymes
foxo - ANSWER -associated with a moue
-if activated, lives longer
, TORC pathway reduced - ANSWER -mice live longer
-increase the amount of autophagy
Autophagy - ANSWER removal and replacement of damaged organelles and senescent
cells
epigenetic and aging - ANSWER -young twins with a similar methylation status on
chromosomes
-in older twins, methyl status of genes is discordant
genetic drift - ANSWER random events that
-inactivate genes
-changing mental status of genes
- silence a gene by methylation
as one grows older, the methyl status of genes change
DNA methylation-estrogen receptor - ANSWER -the older we get, the methylation of
estrogen receptor is up (shutting off)
-changes in blood vessels hardening of the arteries
-plaques have increased the methylation of estrogen receptor
Tumors and methylation - ANSWER -methylation occur more in tissues affected by
tumors
-compared to a tissue that is not a tumor = no methylation can occur.
senescent cells - ANSWER cells that no longer divide
chronic sterile inflammation - ANSWER -cytokine levels go up
-linked to age-related frailty syndrome
during the development of senescent cells - ANSWER -direct local immune response
-very good
what happens if senescent cells are not removed in adults - ANSWER -they can set the
system up for disease
-if they can become more prevalent
-tissue can become compromised
SASP - ANSWER -paracrine factors cytokines
Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945 - ANSWER -normal diet would be 1800 however,
people would be only eating 600 calories
-Can have long term impacts
What would happen if a baby was born under nourished - ANSWER -developed insulin
resistance
-have fewer blood vessels to tissue
-set enzyme levels to convert unused food to fat
If a fetus becomes thrifty, would it better to be thrifty as an adult - ANSWER No, because
when the system finds more food later in life, it can lead to
-obesity
-higher risk of heart disease
-diabetes
Insulin singling pathway - ANSWER evolutionary conserved path way that could possibly
regulate aging
Daf 2 - ANSWER name of insulin receptor in C. elegans
InR - ANSWER name of insulin receptor in drosophila
If the insulin receptor is activated - ANSWER speeds up aging
-die quicker
If insulin receptor is not active - ANSWER slows down aging
-lives longer
Daf16 - ANSWER -in C. elegans
-if activated, they organism lives longer
Activation of Daf16 - ANSWER -produce enzymes to inhibit oxidative stress
-activate DNA repair enzymes
foxo - ANSWER -associated with a moue
-if activated, lives longer
, TORC pathway reduced - ANSWER -mice live longer
-increase the amount of autophagy
Autophagy - ANSWER removal and replacement of damaged organelles and senescent
cells
epigenetic and aging - ANSWER -young twins with a similar methylation status on
chromosomes
-in older twins, methyl status of genes is discordant
genetic drift - ANSWER random events that
-inactivate genes
-changing mental status of genes
- silence a gene by methylation
as one grows older, the methyl status of genes change
DNA methylation-estrogen receptor - ANSWER -the older we get, the methylation of
estrogen receptor is up (shutting off)
-changes in blood vessels hardening of the arteries
-plaques have increased the methylation of estrogen receptor
Tumors and methylation - ANSWER -methylation occur more in tissues affected by
tumors
-compared to a tissue that is not a tumor = no methylation can occur.
senescent cells - ANSWER cells that no longer divide
chronic sterile inflammation - ANSWER -cytokine levels go up
-linked to age-related frailty syndrome
during the development of senescent cells - ANSWER -direct local immune response
-very good
what happens if senescent cells are not removed in adults - ANSWER -they can set the
system up for disease
-if they can become more prevalent
-tissue can become compromised
SASP - ANSWER -paracrine factors cytokines
