NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS | TESTED AND
PROVEN ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025
100% (GRADE A+)
Dermatomes
Ans>> area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root.
These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to
the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse
Ans>>
Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis
Ans>> structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures).
The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
1
,-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain
Ans>> Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus.
which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra
Ans>> ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction
Ans>> ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis
appears by 48 to 72 hours.
2
,Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd
week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins
Ans>> Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
Agnosia
Ans>> the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
3
, Ans>> Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis
Ans>> Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention
Ans>> -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system
Ans>> - Chronic inflammation
4
PROVEN ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025
100% (GRADE A+)
Dermatomes
Ans>> area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root.
These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to
the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse
Ans>>
Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis
Ans>> structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental defect) in the pars
interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures).
The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
1
,-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain
Ans>> Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus.
which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra
Ans>> ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction
Ans>> ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis
appears by 48 to 72 hours.
2
,Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd
week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins
Ans>> Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron
suicide.
Agnosia
Ans>> the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
3
, Ans>> Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis
Ans>> Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention
Ans>> -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system
Ans>> - Chronic inflammation
4
