CHM 219 Module 5
Alcohol - ANS-Generic formulation R-OH, described by using the presence of a Hydroxyl group
(-OH). Organic derivatives of water, as one of the hydrogen atoms from the water molecule is
changed by an alkyl organization.
Alcohols —> Alkyl Halides - ANS--Substitution REaction , replacing the -OH with a halogen
-Alcohol (R-OH) + Hydrogen Halide (H-X) ——> alkyl halide (R-X) + water (H-OH)
-using Hydrogen halides promotes the substitution in approaches
1. Acid protonates the -OH of the alcohol to make it a very good leaving organization
2. Halide ions are true nucleophiles however susceptible bases so substitution is promoted over
elimination
Alcohols Acidity/Basicity - ANS-Can act as a weak base (accepting H+ the usage of a lone pair
on the O atom) or susceptible acid (donating the O-H proton as H+)
Aldehydes - ANS-Presence of a carbonyl institution (C=O) with at the least one H connected to
the carbonyl C and the remaining valence can be every other H atom or an alkyl or aryl group.
Aldehydes are reduced to... - ANS-Primary alcohols
Alkoxide Ion - ANS-conjugate base of an alcohol, very strong base
Alkyloxonium Ion - ANS-The conjugate acid of the alcohol is frequently referred to as a
protonated alcohol,
All dehydration begins with... - ANS-Protonation of the alcohol group.
Amphoteric - ANS-a substance that may act as each an acid and a base
Boiling Point of Alcohols - ANS-High due to Hydrogen bonding between the positively charged
H and negatively charged O
Cleavage with the aid of HX - ANS-Typical mode of reaction is cleavage (breaking aside of the
ether by means of severing a C-O bond of the ether. Usually react with robust acids and heat.
Tertiary - Sn1; ether O remains with the less-hindered alkyl group and the halid bonds to the
extra hindered alkyl institution.
Initial merchandise of cleavage of an ether are an alcohol and an alkyl halide.
Conversion using Phosphorous Halides (PX3) - ANS-X= Cl or Br
- Alcohol (3R-OH) + phosphorous trihalide (X2P-X) —> alkyl halide (3R-X) + H3PO3
-specially efficient as one molecule of PX3 can convert three molecules of alcohol to the
corresponding alkyl halide
-byproduct of the reaction is phosphorous acid
Conversion the usage of Thionyl Chloride (SOCl2) - ANS-Alcohol (R-OH) + Thionyl Chloride
(Cl-S=O-Cl) —> alkyl Chloride (R-Cl) + SO2 ^ + HCl
- very green with primary and secondary alcohols d/t the main byproduct (SO2) beig fashioned
as a gasoline and leaving the reaction aggregate.
Crown Ethers - ANS-Can solvate cations inside theur indoors cavity, length of the hoop controls
which cations can fit into the hollow space, this lets in ionic compounds to be dissolved in
especially non-polar natural solvents
Alcohol - ANS-Generic formulation R-OH, described by using the presence of a Hydroxyl group
(-OH). Organic derivatives of water, as one of the hydrogen atoms from the water molecule is
changed by an alkyl organization.
Alcohols —> Alkyl Halides - ANS--Substitution REaction , replacing the -OH with a halogen
-Alcohol (R-OH) + Hydrogen Halide (H-X) ——> alkyl halide (R-X) + water (H-OH)
-using Hydrogen halides promotes the substitution in approaches
1. Acid protonates the -OH of the alcohol to make it a very good leaving organization
2. Halide ions are true nucleophiles however susceptible bases so substitution is promoted over
elimination
Alcohols Acidity/Basicity - ANS-Can act as a weak base (accepting H+ the usage of a lone pair
on the O atom) or susceptible acid (donating the O-H proton as H+)
Aldehydes - ANS-Presence of a carbonyl institution (C=O) with at the least one H connected to
the carbonyl C and the remaining valence can be every other H atom or an alkyl or aryl group.
Aldehydes are reduced to... - ANS-Primary alcohols
Alkoxide Ion - ANS-conjugate base of an alcohol, very strong base
Alkyloxonium Ion - ANS-The conjugate acid of the alcohol is frequently referred to as a
protonated alcohol,
All dehydration begins with... - ANS-Protonation of the alcohol group.
Amphoteric - ANS-a substance that may act as each an acid and a base
Boiling Point of Alcohols - ANS-High due to Hydrogen bonding between the positively charged
H and negatively charged O
Cleavage with the aid of HX - ANS-Typical mode of reaction is cleavage (breaking aside of the
ether by means of severing a C-O bond of the ether. Usually react with robust acids and heat.
Tertiary - Sn1; ether O remains with the less-hindered alkyl group and the halid bonds to the
extra hindered alkyl institution.
Initial merchandise of cleavage of an ether are an alcohol and an alkyl halide.
Conversion using Phosphorous Halides (PX3) - ANS-X= Cl or Br
- Alcohol (3R-OH) + phosphorous trihalide (X2P-X) —> alkyl halide (3R-X) + H3PO3
-specially efficient as one molecule of PX3 can convert three molecules of alcohol to the
corresponding alkyl halide
-byproduct of the reaction is phosphorous acid
Conversion the usage of Thionyl Chloride (SOCl2) - ANS-Alcohol (R-OH) + Thionyl Chloride
(Cl-S=O-Cl) —> alkyl Chloride (R-Cl) + SO2 ^ + HCl
- very green with primary and secondary alcohols d/t the main byproduct (SO2) beig fashioned
as a gasoline and leaving the reaction aggregate.
Crown Ethers - ANS-Can solvate cations inside theur indoors cavity, length of the hoop controls
which cations can fit into the hollow space, this lets in ionic compounds to be dissolved in
especially non-polar natural solvents
