Concise Introduction To Logic.

CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC:
EXAM 1


Logicjo-joans--
✔✔thejoorganizedjobodyjoofjoknowledge,joorjoscience,jothatjoevaluatesjoarguments

Argumentjo-joans--
✔✔ajogroupjoofjostatements,joonejoorjomorejoofjowhichjo(thejopremises)joarejoclaimedjotojop
rovidejosupportjofor,joorjoreasonsjotojobelieve,joonejoofjothejoothersjo(thejoconclusion)

Premisesjo-joans--✔✔thejostatementsjothatjosetjoforthjothejoreasonsjoorjoevidence

Conclusionjo-joans--
✔✔thejostatementjothatjothejoevidencejoisjoclaimedjotojosupportjoorjoimply

Whatjoarejonotjostatements?jo-joans--✔✔-Question
-Proposal
-Suggestion
-Command
-Exclamation

Listjosomejoconclusionjoindicatorsjo-joans--✔✔-Therefore
-Wherefore
-Thus
-Consequently
-WejoMayjoInfer
-Accordingly
-Wejomayjoconclude
-Itjomustjobejothat
-Forjothisjoreason
-So
-Entailsjothat
-Hence
-itjofollowsjothat
-itjoimpliesjothat
-asjoajoresult

Listjosomejopremisejoindicatorsjo-joans--✔✔-Since

,-Asjoindicatedjoby
-because
-for
-injothat
-mayjobejoinferredjofrom
-as
-givenjothat
-seeingjothat
-forjothejoreasonjothat
-inasmuchjoas
-owingjoto

FINDjoTHEjoPREMISEjoANDjoCONCLUSION:

"Expectantjomothersjoshouldjoneverjousejorecreationaljodrugs,josincejothejousejoofjodrugsjoo
fjothesejodrugsjocanjojeopardizejothejodevelopmentjoofjothejofetus."jo-joans--
✔✔Premise:jo"Sincejothejousejoofjothesejodrugsjocanjojeopardizejothejodevelopmentjoofjoth
ejofetus."

Conclusion:jo"Expectantjomothersjoshouldjoneverjousejorecreationaljodrugs."

Inferencejo-joans--✔✔thejoreasoningjoprocessjoexpressedjobyjoanjoargument

Propositionjo-joans--✔✔thejomeaningjoorjoinformationjocontentjoofjoajostatement

IdentifyingjoPremisejoandjoConclusionjoPractice!

Artistsjoandjopoetsjolookjoatjothejoworldjoandjoseekjorelationshipsjoandjoorder.joButjotheyjotra
nslatejotheirjoideasjotojocanvas,joorjotojomarble,joorjointojopoeticjoimages.joScientistsjotryjotoj
ofindjorelationshipsjobetweenjodifferentjoobjectsjoandjoevents.joTojoexpressjothejoorderjothe
yjofind,jotheyjocreatejohypothesesjoandjotheories.joThusjothejogreatjoscientificjotheoriesjoarej
oeasilyjocomparedjotojogreatjoartjoandjogreatjoliterature.jo-joans--
✔✔P1:joArtistsjoandjoPoetsjolookjoatjothejoworldjoandjoseekjorelationshipsjoandjoorder.

P2:joButjotheyjotranslatejotheirjoideasjotojocanvas,joorjotojomarble,joorjointojopoeticjoimages.

P3:joScientistsjotryjotojofindjorelationshipsjobetweenjodifferentjoobjectsjoandjoevents.

P4:joTojoexpressjothejoorderjotheyjofind,jotheyjocreatejohypothesesjoandjotheories.

C:joThusjothejogreatjoscientificjotheoriesjoarejoeasilyjocomparedjotojogreatjoartjoandjogreatjolit
erature.

IdentifyingjoPremisejoandjoConclusionjoPractice!

, Sincejothejosecondaryjolightjo[fromjothejomoon]jodoesjonotjoinherentlyjobelongjotojothejomoo
njoandjoisjonotjoreceivedjofromjoanyjostarjoorjofromjothejosun,joandjosincejoinjothejowholejouni
versejotherejoisjonojootherjobodyjoleftjobutjothejoearth,jowhatjomustjowejoconclude?
joWhatjoisjotojobejoproposed?
joSurelyjowejomustjoassertjothatjothejolunarjobodyjo(Orjoanyjootherjodarkjoandjosunlessjoorb)jo
isjoilluminatedjobyjothejoearth.jo-joans--
✔✔P1:joSincejothejosecondaryjolightjo[fromjothejomoon]jodoesjonotjoinherentlyjobelongjotojot
hejomoonjoandjoisjonotjoreceivedjofromjoanyjostarjoorjofromjothejosun

P2:joinjothejowholejouniversejotherejoisjonojootherjobodyjoleftjobutjothejoearth

C:jothejolunarjobodyjo(Orjoanyjootherjodarkjoandjosunlessjoorb)joisjoilluminatedjobyjothejoearth

IdentifyingjoPremisejoandjoConclusionjoPractice!

ThoughjoitjoisjopossiblejothatjoREMjosleepjoandjodreamingjoarejonotjonecessaryjoinjothejoadu
lt,joREMjodeprivationjostudiesjoseemjotojosuggestjootherwise.joWhyjowouldjoREMjopressure
joincreasejowithjodeprivationjoifjothejosystemjoisjounimportantjoinjothejoadult?jo-joans--
✔✔P1:joREMjodeprivationjostudiesjoseemjotojosuggestjootherwise.

P2:joThisjowouldjonotjooccurjoifjoREMjosleepjoandjodreamingjowerejounimportant.

C:REMjosleepjoandjodreamingjoarejonecessaryjoinjothejoadult.

TjoorjoF:joSomejoargumentsjohavejomorejothanjoonejoconclusion?jo-joans--✔✔False

TjoorjoF:joInjothejostrictjosensejoofjothejoterms,joinferencejoandjoargumentjohavejoexactlyjothe
josamejomeaning.jo-joans--✔✔False


WhatjoisjoanjoExplicitjoClaim?jo-joans--
✔✔AssertedjobjoyjoPremisejoorjoConclusionjoIndicatorjowords

Examples:joThus,joSince,joBecause,joHence,joTherefore,joEct.

"ThejoEbolajovirusjohasjoyetjotojobejoeradicated,joandjoitjokillsjoonjoaveragejo50jopercentjoofjo
thosejoitjoinfects.joThus,joEbolajoremainsjoasjothreatjotojohumanjohealth."

WhatjoarejoNoninferentialjoPassagesjo-joans--
✔✔Unproblematicjopassagesjothatjolackjoajoclaimjothatjoanythingjoisjobeingjoproved.jo*Notjo
arguments*

ExamplesjoofjoNoninferentialjopassagesjo-joans--✔✔-Warning
-PiecejoofjoAdvice
-Opinions
-Looselyjoassociatedjostatementsjo
-Reports