HDEV final exam part 1 questions with answers
1.Children try on new roles through play.: dramatic
2.Developmental psychology: studies the physical, cognitive, social,
and emo- tional development of humans over time
3.Up until what century did children perform lab from dusk to dawn?: 20th
4.life-span perspective: perspective in which psychologists view human
develop- ment as occurring throughout the individual's lifetime.
5.William Perry and Gisela Labouvie-Vief: studied the development of
cognitive complexity from adolescence to late adulthood
6.John B. Watson: the founder of American behaviorism, viewed
development in terms of learning theory.
a theory about a reflex should allow us to predict the age at which it will
drop out or be replaced by intentional behavior.
7.behaviorism,: Watson's view that science must study observable
behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and
responses.
8.maturation: the main principle of development: "All things considered,
the in- evitability and surety of maturation are the most impressive
characteristics of early development.
,9.Freud's theory: psychosexual development
10.stage theories: a theory of development characterized by distinct
periods of life. PREV2/5 on thi
11.Freud theorized three parts of the personality:: the id, ego, and supereg
12.id: present at birth and is unconscious
13.ego: the conscious sense of self, begins to develop when children
learn to obtain gratification consciously, without screaming or crying.
14.superego: develops throughout infancy and early childhood.
15.Freud, there are five stages of psychosexual development:: oral, anal,
phal- lic, latency, and genital.
16.Oral Stage (0-18 months): Freud's first stage of psychosexual
development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth
Thumb sucking, nail biting, smoking
17.Anal Stage (18-36 months): pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
elimina- tion; coping with demands for control
18.Phallic Stage (3-6 years): parent-child conflict may develop over
masturbation, which many parents treat with punishment and threats.
19.Latency Stage (6-puberty): during which sexual feelings remain
unconscious, children turn to schoolwork, and they typically prefer
playmates of their own sex.
,20.Genital Stage (puberty on): desire sexual gratification through
intercourse with a member of the other sex.
21.Erik Erikson's: Psychosocial Development
22.psychosocial development: Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the
impor- tance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout
eight stages of development.
23.life crisis: an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial
develop- ment.
24.8 stages of psychosocial development: 1) Trust vs. mistrust (infancy).
Nurtur- ing stage.
2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (early childhood), due to being
unable to handle situations one encounters in life.
3)Initiative vs. guilt (preschool years), child developes either a sense of
Initiative and self confidence or feelings of guilt depending on how
successful they are in exploring their environment and dealing with
peers.
4) Industry vs. inferiority (grammar school years), focus shifts away
from family to school where the child develops conceptions of being
industrious or inferior.
5)Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), failure to establish a clear
and firm sense of one's self results in identity confusion
6) Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood), one meets or fails to meet
the challenge presented by young adulthood of forming stable
relationships, outcome: Intimacy or Isolation.
, 7) Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood), A persons'
contribution to the well being of others through citizenship, work, and
family becomes self generated, and fulfilling primary tasks of adulthood
is complete.
8) Integrity vs despair (late adulthood), developmental challenge
posed by the knowledge one is dying. Challenge is to find a sense of
continuity and meaning, not to despair.
25.Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): a type of learning in which one learns
to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
26.operant conditioning: a simple form of learning in which an organism
learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced.
27.Who introduced the key concept of reinforcement?: B. F. Skinner
28.Reinforcers: are stimuli that increase the frequency of the behavior
they follow.
29.Positive reinforcers: increase the frequency of behaviors when they
are ap- plied.
30.Negative reinforcers: increase the frequency of behaviors when they
are re- moved.
1.Children try on new roles through play.: dramatic
2.Developmental psychology: studies the physical, cognitive, social,
and emo- tional development of humans over time
3.Up until what century did children perform lab from dusk to dawn?: 20th
4.life-span perspective: perspective in which psychologists view human
develop- ment as occurring throughout the individual's lifetime.
5.William Perry and Gisela Labouvie-Vief: studied the development of
cognitive complexity from adolescence to late adulthood
6.John B. Watson: the founder of American behaviorism, viewed
development in terms of learning theory.
a theory about a reflex should allow us to predict the age at which it will
drop out or be replaced by intentional behavior.
7.behaviorism,: Watson's view that science must study observable
behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and
responses.
8.maturation: the main principle of development: "All things considered,
the in- evitability and surety of maturation are the most impressive
characteristics of early development.
,9.Freud's theory: psychosexual development
10.stage theories: a theory of development characterized by distinct
periods of life. PREV2/5 on thi
11.Freud theorized three parts of the personality:: the id, ego, and supereg
12.id: present at birth and is unconscious
13.ego: the conscious sense of self, begins to develop when children
learn to obtain gratification consciously, without screaming or crying.
14.superego: develops throughout infancy and early childhood.
15.Freud, there are five stages of psychosexual development:: oral, anal,
phal- lic, latency, and genital.
16.Oral Stage (0-18 months): Freud's first stage of psychosexual
development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth
Thumb sucking, nail biting, smoking
17.Anal Stage (18-36 months): pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
elimina- tion; coping with demands for control
18.Phallic Stage (3-6 years): parent-child conflict may develop over
masturbation, which many parents treat with punishment and threats.
19.Latency Stage (6-puberty): during which sexual feelings remain
unconscious, children turn to schoolwork, and they typically prefer
playmates of their own sex.
,20.Genital Stage (puberty on): desire sexual gratification through
intercourse with a member of the other sex.
21.Erik Erikson's: Psychosocial Development
22.psychosocial development: Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the
impor- tance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout
eight stages of development.
23.life crisis: an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial
develop- ment.
24.8 stages of psychosocial development: 1) Trust vs. mistrust (infancy).
Nurtur- ing stage.
2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (early childhood), due to being
unable to handle situations one encounters in life.
3)Initiative vs. guilt (preschool years), child developes either a sense of
Initiative and self confidence or feelings of guilt depending on how
successful they are in exploring their environment and dealing with
peers.
4) Industry vs. inferiority (grammar school years), focus shifts away
from family to school where the child develops conceptions of being
industrious or inferior.
5)Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), failure to establish a clear
and firm sense of one's self results in identity confusion
6) Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood), one meets or fails to meet
the challenge presented by young adulthood of forming stable
relationships, outcome: Intimacy or Isolation.
, 7) Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood), A persons'
contribution to the well being of others through citizenship, work, and
family becomes self generated, and fulfilling primary tasks of adulthood
is complete.
8) Integrity vs despair (late adulthood), developmental challenge
posed by the knowledge one is dying. Challenge is to find a sense of
continuity and meaning, not to despair.
25.Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): a type of learning in which one learns
to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
26.operant conditioning: a simple form of learning in which an organism
learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced.
27.Who introduced the key concept of reinforcement?: B. F. Skinner
28.Reinforcers: are stimuli that increase the frequency of the behavior
they follow.
29.Positive reinforcers: increase the frequency of behaviors when they
are ap- plied.
30.Negative reinforcers: increase the frequency of behaviors when they
are re- moved.
