Pat 201 Exam With Complete Solution 100% Guaranteed Pass

PAT 201 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION 100% GUARANTEED PASS When hypokalemia develops, K+ - Answer-leaves cell into blood When hypokalemia develops, H+ - Answer-moves into cell (to maintain neutral electrical balance) When hypokalemia develops, the kidneys - Answer-reabsorb K+ & secrete H+ (to maintain neutral electrical balance) Hypokalemia results in - Answer-metabolic alkalosis (low [H+], high pH) When hyperkalemia develops, K+ - Answer-moves into cell from blood When hyperkalemia develops, H+ - Answer-leaves the cell (to maintain neutral electrical balance) When hyperkalemia develops, the kidneys - Answer-reabsrob K+ & secrete H+ (to maintain neutral electrical balance) Hyperkalemia results in - Answer-metabolic acidosis (high [H+], low pH) When metabolic alkalosis develops, H+ - Answer-leaves the cell into blood When metabolic alkalosis develops, K+ - Answer-moves into cell (to maintain neutral electrical balance) When metabolic alkalosis develops, kidneys - Answer-reabsorb H+ & secrete K+ (to maintain neutral electrical balance) Metabolic alkalosis results in - Answer-hypokalemia When metabolic acidosis develops, H+ - Answer-moves into cell When metabolic acidosis develops, K+ - Answer-leaves the cell (to maintain neutral electrical balance) When metabolic acidosis develops, kidneys - Answer-reabsorb K+ & secrete H+ (to maintain neutral electrical balance) Metabolic acidosis results in - Answer-hyperkalemia Non-potassium sparing diuretics - Answer-loop, thiazides Manifestations of hypokalemia - Answer-Membrane hyperpolarization causes a decrease in neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and cardiac dysrhythmias ECG changes with hypokalemia - Answer-U waves Hypoxia - Answer-Low oxygen level Causes of hyperkalemia - Answer-1) excessive intake 2) acidosis 3) shift of K+ from ICF to ECF 4) renal failure (decreased excretion) 5) insulin deficiency 6) cell trauma / hypoxia Manifestations of mild hyperkalemia - Answer-1) lips/fingers tingling 2) restlessness 3) cramping 4) diarrhea Manifestations of severe hyperkalemia - Answer-1) muscle weakness 2) decreased muscle tone 3) paralysis Treatment of hyperkalemia - Answer-1) calcium gluctonate, buffered solutions, glucose 2) insulin, dialysis (severe case) ECG changes with hyperkalemia - Answer-T waves Respiratory Acidosis - Answer-hypoventilation & increased PCO2 Causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) respiratory center depression (brainstem trauma, opioid overdose, oversedation, hypoventilation) 2) respiratory muscle paralysis 3) chest wall disorders 4) lung parachyma disorders 3 most common causes of respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) pneumonia 2) COPD 3) pulmonary edema Manifestations of respiratory acidosis - Answer-Headache, restlessness, blurred vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, coma Treatment for respiratory acidosis - Answer-1) restore adequate ventilation 2) oxygen therapy Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-hyperventilation & low PCO2 Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) increased altitudes, hypermetabolic state (fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis) 2) early salicylate intoxication 3) anxiety/panic disorder (hyperventilation) 4) improper use of mechanical ventilators Manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-Dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities (paresthesias), convulsions, and coma with signs of hypocalcemia Treatment for Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-1) breathe into a paper bag / cupped hands 2) treat hypoxemia / hypermetabolic status Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-low HCO3 & increased non-carbonic acid Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-lactic acidosis, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea, renal failure Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) Headache 2) Lethargy 3) Kussmaul respirations (deep breathing) Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis - Answer-1) buffering solution 2) base administration 3) correct Na+ & H2O deficit Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-increased HCO3 & low metabolic acids Causes Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-1) dehydration, gastric suctioning, diuretic therapy 2) excessive HCO3 intake 3) hyperaldosteronism 4) hypokalemia Manifestations of Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer-weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes with signs of hypocalcemia