ADM 3319 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Acculturation & Biculturation - ANSWER seperation multi-culturalism
co-existence
exclusion assimilation
National culture - ANSWER -shared meanings and behaviour
-born into it
-unconditional
-totally immersed
Organizational culture - ANSWER -some shared meanings (more behaviours)
-socialized into it
-conditional
-partly involved
Power distance index - ANSWER high: acceptance of hierarchical order
low: people strive to equalize the distribution of power
Individualism vs. Collectivism - ANSWER 1. preference for a loosely-knit social
framework
2. tightly-knit framework in society
Masculinity vs. Feminity - ANSWER 1. preference in society of achievement, heroism,
assertiveness and material rewards
2. preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) - ANSWER high: maintains rigid codes of belief and
behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox ideas
low: societies maintain a relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles
long term orientation vs short term orientation - ANSWER high: encourage thrift and
efforts in modern education to prepare for the future
low: prefer to maintain time honoured traditions and norms while viewing change with
suspicion
, Indulgence vs. Restraint - ANSWER 1. societies that allow relatively free gratification of
basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun
2. societies that suppress gratification of needs and regulate it by means of strict social
norms
Triandis' elaboration - ANSWER individualism = looseness & complexity - multiple
conflicting norms (Japan)
collectivism = tightness & simplicity - the extent to which members agree on what is
correct behaviour (USA)
Kluckhohn and Stodtbeck's dimensions - ANSWER -relationship to natural environment:
must dominate, submit to or work together w nature
-time orientation: events in past, present or future
-beliefs about human nature: good or evil or a mix
-activity orientation: people should concentrate on living in the moment (being), striving
for goals (doing), or reflecting
-responsibility toward human relationships: individualist (self & family), collateralist
(own group), hierarchical
-concept of space: mix of public and private space
Trompenaar's Cultural Dimensions - ANSWER Universalism vs. Particularism
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Neutral vs. Affective
Specific vs. Diffuse
Achievement vs. Ascription
Time orientation
Relationship to the environment
Schwartz Value Survey - ANSWER -Environment: harmony & mastery
-Responsibility to relationships & activity orientation: egalitarianism, hierarchy,
embeddedness, intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy
Leung et al's Categories of Social Axioms - ANSWER -psychological attributes
-orientation toward the social world
-social interaction
Acculturation & Biculturation - ANSWER seperation multi-culturalism
co-existence
exclusion assimilation
National culture - ANSWER -shared meanings and behaviour
-born into it
-unconditional
-totally immersed
Organizational culture - ANSWER -some shared meanings (more behaviours)
-socialized into it
-conditional
-partly involved
Power distance index - ANSWER high: acceptance of hierarchical order
low: people strive to equalize the distribution of power
Individualism vs. Collectivism - ANSWER 1. preference for a loosely-knit social
framework
2. tightly-knit framework in society
Masculinity vs. Feminity - ANSWER 1. preference in society of achievement, heroism,
assertiveness and material rewards
2. preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) - ANSWER high: maintains rigid codes of belief and
behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox ideas
low: societies maintain a relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles
long term orientation vs short term orientation - ANSWER high: encourage thrift and
efforts in modern education to prepare for the future
low: prefer to maintain time honoured traditions and norms while viewing change with
suspicion
, Indulgence vs. Restraint - ANSWER 1. societies that allow relatively free gratification of
basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun
2. societies that suppress gratification of needs and regulate it by means of strict social
norms
Triandis' elaboration - ANSWER individualism = looseness & complexity - multiple
conflicting norms (Japan)
collectivism = tightness & simplicity - the extent to which members agree on what is
correct behaviour (USA)
Kluckhohn and Stodtbeck's dimensions - ANSWER -relationship to natural environment:
must dominate, submit to or work together w nature
-time orientation: events in past, present or future
-beliefs about human nature: good or evil or a mix
-activity orientation: people should concentrate on living in the moment (being), striving
for goals (doing), or reflecting
-responsibility toward human relationships: individualist (self & family), collateralist
(own group), hierarchical
-concept of space: mix of public and private space
Trompenaar's Cultural Dimensions - ANSWER Universalism vs. Particularism
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Neutral vs. Affective
Specific vs. Diffuse
Achievement vs. Ascription
Time orientation
Relationship to the environment
Schwartz Value Survey - ANSWER -Environment: harmony & mastery
-Responsibility to relationships & activity orientation: egalitarianism, hierarchy,
embeddedness, intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy
Leung et al's Categories of Social Axioms - ANSWER -psychological attributes
-orientation toward the social world
-social interaction
