MMG 433 Module3 Notes Test
Latest Update
Mapping - ANSWER process of determining the relative locations of landmarks or
markers (such as genes, variants and other DNA sequences of interest) within a
chromosome or genome
gene mapping significance - ANSWER finding a particular gene in a genome
time and cost for gene mapping vs gene sequencing - ANSWER mapping is less time and
comparatively less expensive
physical mapping - ANSWER maps based on physical distances between landmarks
uses molecular biology techniques to examine DNA molecules directly to identify the
positions of sequence features, including genes
genetic mapping/linkage analysis - ANSWER maps based on the frequency with which
two landmarks are inherited together • use of genetic techniques, planned breeding
experiments in animals, or pedigree analysis in humans
most efficient approach for mapping - ANSWER Today, the most efficient approach for
mapping involves sequencing a genome and then using computer programs to analyze
the sequence to identify the locations of landmarks
requirements of sequencing more complex genomes - ANSWER genome maps -shotgun
method
problems with shotgun method - ANSWER unconnected segments, posible errors in
assembly due to repetitive DNA
why are maps still usefull - ANSWER Powerful sequencing technology Powerful
sequencing technology • Sophisticated computer algorithms • Prokaryotic genomes are
small and have less repetitive DNA • Genome sequencing of crop plants with much
larger genomes + repetitive DNAes + repetitive DNA
crop genome mapping - ANSWER like 80% repetitive- comprehensive maps required to
assemble sequences
why is genome map essential - ANSWER initially involves identifying the position of the
gene being sought relative to other genes or sequence features whose locations on the
map are already known It ientification of QTLs It is a key to identification of genes
responsible for human diseases such as cystic fibrosis and breast cancer •
Identification of QTLs
, quantitative trait loci - ANSWER Quantitative Trait Loci(QTLs) are regions of the genome
associated with a trait: markers, genes, several linked genes, promoters/enhancers •
QTL analysis can be used to uncover the genetics of sleep and other complex traits
marker assisted selection - ANSWER enables DNA screening to be used to identify
those seedlings that possess a beneficial characteristic • Marker assisted selection or
marker aided selection is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is
selected based on a marker linked to a trait of interest, rather than on the trait itself only
possible if genome map available than on the trait itself
what were the first markers - ANSWER genes
DNA marker - ANSWER A DNA sequence that exists as two or more readily
distinguished versions and which can therefore be used to mark a map position on a
genetic, physical, or integrated genome map
why are dna markers better than gene markers - ANSWER genes are widely spaced and
may not have alleles
examples of dna markers - ANSWER Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLPs) • about 105 RFLPs in a mammalian genome • Simple sequence length
polymorphisms (SSLPs) • multiallelic
how can a rflp be types - ANSWER southern hybridization with a dna probe. if binds in
one section, rflp absent, if multiple. then present PCR: gele electrophoresis
SSLPs - ANSWER Short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that are present in variable
copy numbers at a given locus • Variance in the length of SSLPs can be used to
understand genetic variation between two individuals in a certain species • Different
alleles containing different numbers of repeat units • SSLPs can be multiallelic, as each
SSLP can have a number of different length variants
STR - ANSWER repetitive unit of 1-6 bp, forming series with lengths of up to 100
nucleotides (nt) • A type of SSLP marker • Contain tandem copies of di, tri, or
tetranucleotide repeat units • also called simple sequence repeats or microsatellite
markers
minisatellites - ANSWER type of sslp also known as variable number of tandem repeats
(VNTRs), in which the repeat unit is up to 25 bp in length • this type of polymorphism
occurs due to the repeats expanding and contracting (variable number) in the non-
coding regionsegions
microsatellites - ANSWER sslp short tandem repeats (STRs), whose repeats are shorter,
usually 13 bp or less (1-6bp)short tandem repeats (STRs), whose repeats are shorter,
usually 13 bp or less (1-6bp)
where are strs found in humans and in what quantitiy - ANSWER inter or intragenic,
approx 3% of human genome
Latest Update
Mapping - ANSWER process of determining the relative locations of landmarks or
markers (such as genes, variants and other DNA sequences of interest) within a
chromosome or genome
gene mapping significance - ANSWER finding a particular gene in a genome
time and cost for gene mapping vs gene sequencing - ANSWER mapping is less time and
comparatively less expensive
physical mapping - ANSWER maps based on physical distances between landmarks
uses molecular biology techniques to examine DNA molecules directly to identify the
positions of sequence features, including genes
genetic mapping/linkage analysis - ANSWER maps based on the frequency with which
two landmarks are inherited together • use of genetic techniques, planned breeding
experiments in animals, or pedigree analysis in humans
most efficient approach for mapping - ANSWER Today, the most efficient approach for
mapping involves sequencing a genome and then using computer programs to analyze
the sequence to identify the locations of landmarks
requirements of sequencing more complex genomes - ANSWER genome maps -shotgun
method
problems with shotgun method - ANSWER unconnected segments, posible errors in
assembly due to repetitive DNA
why are maps still usefull - ANSWER Powerful sequencing technology Powerful
sequencing technology • Sophisticated computer algorithms • Prokaryotic genomes are
small and have less repetitive DNA • Genome sequencing of crop plants with much
larger genomes + repetitive DNAes + repetitive DNA
crop genome mapping - ANSWER like 80% repetitive- comprehensive maps required to
assemble sequences
why is genome map essential - ANSWER initially involves identifying the position of the
gene being sought relative to other genes or sequence features whose locations on the
map are already known It ientification of QTLs It is a key to identification of genes
responsible for human diseases such as cystic fibrosis and breast cancer •
Identification of QTLs
, quantitative trait loci - ANSWER Quantitative Trait Loci(QTLs) are regions of the genome
associated with a trait: markers, genes, several linked genes, promoters/enhancers •
QTL analysis can be used to uncover the genetics of sleep and other complex traits
marker assisted selection - ANSWER enables DNA screening to be used to identify
those seedlings that possess a beneficial characteristic • Marker assisted selection or
marker aided selection is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is
selected based on a marker linked to a trait of interest, rather than on the trait itself only
possible if genome map available than on the trait itself
what were the first markers - ANSWER genes
DNA marker - ANSWER A DNA sequence that exists as two or more readily
distinguished versions and which can therefore be used to mark a map position on a
genetic, physical, or integrated genome map
why are dna markers better than gene markers - ANSWER genes are widely spaced and
may not have alleles
examples of dna markers - ANSWER Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLPs) • about 105 RFLPs in a mammalian genome • Simple sequence length
polymorphisms (SSLPs) • multiallelic
how can a rflp be types - ANSWER southern hybridization with a dna probe. if binds in
one section, rflp absent, if multiple. then present PCR: gele electrophoresis
SSLPs - ANSWER Short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that are present in variable
copy numbers at a given locus • Variance in the length of SSLPs can be used to
understand genetic variation between two individuals in a certain species • Different
alleles containing different numbers of repeat units • SSLPs can be multiallelic, as each
SSLP can have a number of different length variants
STR - ANSWER repetitive unit of 1-6 bp, forming series with lengths of up to 100
nucleotides (nt) • A type of SSLP marker • Contain tandem copies of di, tri, or
tetranucleotide repeat units • also called simple sequence repeats or microsatellite
markers
minisatellites - ANSWER type of sslp also known as variable number of tandem repeats
(VNTRs), in which the repeat unit is up to 25 bp in length • this type of polymorphism
occurs due to the repeats expanding and contracting (variable number) in the non-
coding regionsegions
microsatellites - ANSWER sslp short tandem repeats (STRs), whose repeats are shorter,
usually 13 bp or less (1-6bp)short tandem repeats (STRs), whose repeats are shorter,
usually 13 bp or less (1-6bp)
where are strs found in humans and in what quantitiy - ANSWER inter or intragenic,
approx 3% of human genome
